Skeletal Index

The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi-xvii

accidental deaths:  and age classes at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7, 18, 20-21; and location of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 93; and skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 38, 41.  See also trauma

Acsádi, G. Y., 96

age:  and accidental deaths at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and age categories for individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; age grading and prehistoric social organization at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; criteria for determination of, 95-96; of individuals in Component I and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23.  See also age-status model; children; life expectancy

age-status model, and mortuary practices of present-day Tewas, 52-54, 71.  See also ethnographic age-status model

agriculture:  as basis of economy at Arroyo Hondo, xii; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x.  See also dietary stress; food; plant remains

Alfred Herrera site, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

anemia, and iron deficiencies in infants and children, 44, 45, 47

Arroyo Hondo Project, xvii-xviii

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  Arroyo Hondo Pueblo Project and research on, xvii-xviii; description of, x, xii-xvii; genetic analysis of discrete cranial traits and population affinities of, 171-80; status of at peak of population, ix.  See also burials; Component I; Component II; skeletal and mortuary remains

arthritis, 75, 103, 108, 119, 121-24, 133, 136-38, 149, 165

artificial cranial information, during infancy, 22

Awatovi site, 175, 176, 177178

 

Binford, Lewis, 49

biological distance, and population affinities, 173, 179

blankets, and grave accoutrements, 16, 57, 71.  See also clothing

body positions:  and burials at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; and summaries for Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8, 15.  See also head orientation

bowing, of long bones:  and calculation of average stature, 24, 42, 45-46; and information on individual burials, 102, 106, 114-15 , 119, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 166-69.  See also long bones

Brown, James A., 49

burials, at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  comparison of to other Pueblo sites, 65-76; disturbance of by pueblo occupants, 26; excavation of, 3-5; information on individual, 101-51; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; key to symbols used for on plans, 82; skeletal information from, 21-26.  See also body position; grave accoutrements; locations; mortuary practices; skeletal and mortuary remains

 

ceramics:  and chronology of comparative sites, 66; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 16, 58, 59, 71, 159

ceremonial statuses, and grave accoutrements, 59-63

children:  and age-status model of Tewa mortuary practices, 52; and body position of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 58, 63; and evidence for iron deficiency anemia in skeletal remains, 44, 45, 47; grave accoutrements and mortuary treatment different from adults, 71, 72; and information from individual burials, 103-111, 113-14, 116-18, 120-21, 125-28, 130-33, 138-40, 142-46, 148, 150-51; and isolated remains, 155-57; key to symbols indicating burials of, 82; mortuary practices and belief in reincarnation of, 50; and skeletal pathologies in burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 41-42.  See also infant(s); infant mortality

chi-square test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

Clark, Geoffrey A., 51, 61, 63

climate:  and agriculture at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; and dietary stress, 29-30; and increases or decreases in population, 29; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x; tree-ring evidence for fluctuations in, 29.  See also drought

clothing, and historic mortuary practices of Pueblos, 50.  See also blankets

comparative studies, of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76

Component I, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plaza areas, 8-10; and burials in roomblocks, 10-11; and burials in trash deposits, 12; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv-xv, xvi; differences in mortuary practices of Component II from, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 83, 85-8992-93; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25, 41-43; summary of grave accoutrements from burials during, 160-63; summary of skeletal information from burials during, 23-25

Component II, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plazas, 13; and burials in roomblocks, 13; and burials in trash deposits, 14; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; differences in mortuary practices from Component I to, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 849093-94; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25-26, 43; summary of grave accoutrements from, 163-64

composite life tables, 31, 32-33, 34, 46

corn.  See plant remains

cranial metrics, 100

cranial traits, and population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80

cranial vault periostitis, 75

cribra orbitalia, 41-43, 45, 107, 127, 129, 139-40, 146, 151, 166-69

 

death, skeletal pathologies and determination of causes of, 38.  See also accidental deaths; infant mortality; life expectancy; mortality schedules

demography, and conclusions drawn from skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 30-37.  See also population

Dennis, Wayne, 44

dental development and eruption, and age criteria, 95

dental disease, 75, 136, 142

dietary stress:  and climate, 29-30; and infant-child mortality, 75-76.  See also food; nutrition

differential diagnosis, and skeletal pathologies, 38, 46

disease.  See anemia; arthritis; dental disease; health status; pathologies

divergence, and biological distance between populations, 173, 179

drought, and abandonment of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii.  See also climate

Dubos, Rene, 37

Dwight, Thomas, 96

 

Eggan, Fred, 49

Ellis, Florence Hawley, 49-50, 61

El-Najjar, Mahmoud, 44

endocranial lesions, 41, 43, 45, 109, 127-29, 134, 139, 146, 166-69

endocranial suture closure, and age determination, 96

epiphyseal union, and age determination, 95, 96

ethnographic age-status model, mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of, 54-63.  See also age-status model

Euler, Robert, 30, 43

exocranial periostitis, 119

exotic materials.  See rare items

 

food:  and burial practices at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 71; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 61; and mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50-51.  See also nutrition; plant remains

Forked Lightning Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

 

gender:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and criteria for adult sex determination, 96; of individuals in Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23, 24; of individuals in Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; key to symbols for burials and, 82; and sexual differences in expression of discrete cranial traits, 172-73

general skeletal porosity, 42, 43, 45, 166-69

genetics:  and similarity of Arroyo Hondo population to Tewa-Tano, 75, 179, 180; and statistical analysis of discrete cranial traits for study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80

Genovés, Santiago, 97

Giusewa site, 174, 176, 177178, 180

Grasshopper Pueblo, 51, 61

grave accoutrements:  and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 69, 71-72; and description of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 16-17, 20; detailed summary of from Arroyo Hondo, 159, 160-64; and differences between mortuary practices of Component I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 28; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 57-63; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 102, 105-21, 125, 127-30, 131, 133-36, 138-44, 145-48, 150; variable preservation of organic at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 66, 96

 

Halona site, 175, 176, 177178, 179

Hawikuh site, 175, 176, 177178

head orientation:  and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 15; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56; and historic mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50; key to symbols for burials and, 82

health status, difference in subadult and adult age groups indicated by burials from Component I period, 25.  See also nutrition; pathologies

Hooton, E. A., 43, 74

Hopis and Hopi sites, 44, 175, 176, 178, 180

 

identification numbers, for skeletons or isolated bones, 5

infant(s):  and artificial cranial deformation, 22; breastfeeding of and iron deficiencies, 44, 45, 47; descriptions of individual burials of fetuses and, 105-107, 109-11, 117, 125-34, 138-41, 143, 145-48, 150-51, .  See also children; infant mortality

infant mortality:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 72; and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30; high rate of indicated by Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; as indicator of poor nutrition and dietary stress, 43, 45, 76; and mortality curve for Arroyo Hondo, 36-37.  See also life expectancy

iron, bone content of and skeletal pathologies, 43, 44, 45, 47

isolated remains, and description of skeletal materials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 26-27, 151-57

 

Jemez sites, 174, 175

 

Keres sites, 176

Kidder, Alfred, 68-69, 71

kivas:  burials in and possibility of accidental deaths, 20; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

Krogman, W. M., 96

Kuaua site, 175, 176, 177178, 179

Kunitz, Stephen, 30, 43

 

Lambert, Marjorie, 66, 67

Lang, Richard W., 66

Lange, Charles, 67, 72

life expectancy:  and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30-31; and mortality curves for Arroyo Hondo, 36.  See also age; infant mortality

locations, of burials:  comparison of in Components I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 27; comparison of Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67-68; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-14, 81-94; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56.  See also plazas; roomblocks; trash deposits and middens

long bones, measurements of, 97-98.  See also bowing

Lovejoy, C. Owen, 23

 

Mackey, James, xix, 21, 22, 97

male-female sex ratio, of Component I burials, 23-24.  See also gender

malnutrition.  See nutrition

Maltby, J. R. D., 96

mats, and grave accoutrements, 16, 19, 57, 58, 71

Mera, H. P., 176

mica, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62

migration, role of in population dynamics at Pueblo sites, 36

mortality schedules, and composite life tables, 34

mortuary practices:  and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52-54; and burials at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of ethnographic age-status model, 54-63; differences in between Component I and Component II, 27-28; ethnographic and historic accounts of Pueblo, 49-52 .  See also burials; grave accoutrements; skeletal and mortuary remains

 

National Geographic Society, xvii

National Science Foundation, xvii

Nelson, Nels C., 3-4, 18, 77-79

Nemeskéri, J., 96

nutrition:  and difference in health status of adults and subadults, 24-25; evidence for deficiencies in from skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69.  See also dietary stress; food

 

orientation.  See body position; head orientation

ornaments.  See rare items; turquoise

Ortiz, Alfonso, 3, 50, 53, 60, 61-62

osteochondroma, 126

osteolysis, 38, 39-40

osteoma, 108, 149

osteomyelitis, 75

osteosclerosis, 39-40

 

Paa-ko Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

paint, on bodies before burial, 11, 17, 60, 63, 71

paleopathology, and etiologic relationships between skeletal conditions and specific disease processes, 38

Palkovich, Ann M., xviii, xix, 46

Parsons, F. G., 49, 50, 96

pathologies, skeletal:  and comparison of Arroyo Hondo burials to other Pueblo sites, 75; influence of nutrition on, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and skeletal information from Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24-25, 28; and skeletal information from Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25-26, 28; summary of conditions observed in adult skeletons from Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69.  See also arthritis; bowing, of long bones; cribra orbitalia; endocranial lesions; paleopathology; periostitis; porotic hyperostosis

Pearson, Karl, 96

Pecos Mission, 175177178, 179

Pecos Pueblo:  and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177178, 179; porotic hypertosis in skeletons from, 43

periosteal infection, 121

periostitis, 75, 103, 105, 112, 125-26, 130, 134, 141, 146

personal possessions, and mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 50, 61

Phenice, T. W., 96

Pindi Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177178, 179, 180

pine branch, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62

plant remains, and grave accoutrements, 17, 159. See also agriculture; food; vegetational zones

plazas:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67; and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-10, 85-8992-93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 9093-94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones from Arroyo Hondo, 5; letter designations referring to, 82

population:  climate and increases or decreases in, 29; relationship of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80; role of migration in dynamics of at Pueblo sites, 36.  See also demography

porotic hyperostosis, 41, 43-44, 110, 116, 118, 127-29, 131, 143, 147-48, 150-51, 166-69

Pottery Mound site, 175, 176, 177178

preservation, of skeletal remains and organic grave accoutrements, 8, 66, 96

projectile points, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62

public symphysis changes, and age determination, 96

publication series, on Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii-xviii

Pueblos:  comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and ethnographically known details of mortuary practices, 49, 50-52, 63; population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano sites, 171-80; role of migration in population dynamics of, 36.  See also Arroyo Hondo Pueblo; Grasshopper Pueblo; Hopis and Hopi sites; Paa-ko Pueblo; Pecos Pueblo; Pindi Pueblo; Tijeros Pueblo; Zuni sites

Puye site, 175, 176, 177178, 179, 180

 

rare items, in grave accoutrements, 58, 59, 61, 71.  See also ravens; red ochre; turquoise

ravens, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62

red ochre, 60.  See also paint

Reed, Erik, 1

reference model life tables, 34, 35, 37

Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past (film), xvii

Rio Grande region:  comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other Pueblos sites in northern, 65-76; earliest farming settlements in northern, ix-x; locations of historic and prehistoric pueblos in northern, xi

ritual, and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices, 61.  See also grave accoutrements; mortuary practices; symbolism

roomblocks:  and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 10-11, 85-8993; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 9094; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones and, 5; number designations referring to, 82; symbols for types of on plans of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81

 

San Cristobal site, 175, 176, 177178, 179

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, x

Sapawe site, 175, 176, 177178, 179, 180

Saxe, Arthur, 49

School of American Research, 1, 4-5, 7

Schull, W. J., 96

sex ratio.  See gender

skeletal growth and development, and age determination, 95

skeletal information, summary of for burials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 21-26.  See also age; gender; pathologies; stature

skeletal and mortuary remains, from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  comparison of to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and demography, 30-37; and description of burials, 7-28, 77-79; detailed information by individual burial, 101-51; differences in preservation of grave accoutrements and, 8, 66, 96; excavation of burials at, 3-5; introduction to, xviii-xix; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; and mortuary practices as test of ethnographic age-status model, 49-63; nutrition and disease in pathologies observed from, 37-47; objectives for study of, 2-3; statistical analysis of cranial traits and study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probably ancestral Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80.  See also burials; mortuary practices; pathologies

social organization:  and age grading at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52

spondylolysis and spina bifida, 125, 136

spongy hyperostosis, 127, 129

squash.  See plant remains

Stallings, W. S., Jr., 66, 67, 71, 72

statistical tests, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

stature:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and Component I adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24, 28, 99; and Component II adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 28, 99; standards for measurements and estimates of, 97, 99

stone tools:  and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 71

Stubbs, Stanley, 66, 67, 71, 72

symbolism:  and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 63; and mortuary practices among modern Pueblos, 50.  See also Ritual

 

Tano:  and archaeological sites included in study, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180

Tewas:  and age-status model of mortuary practices, 52-54, 63, 71; and archaeological sites included in genetic analysis, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180

Thieme, F. P., 96

Tijeras Pueblo, 175, 176, 177178, 179

Tiwa sites, 176, 178, 179, 180

Towa sites, 175, 176, 178, 180

trash deposits and middens:  Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 12, 93; Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 14, 94; and isolated remains at Arroyo Hondo, 26

trauma, and skeletal pathologies, 39, 75.  See also accidental deaths

tree-ring evidence, for climate fluctuations, 29

turkey pens, in plazas, 13

turquoise, and grave accoutrements, xvi, 71

 

Ubelaker, Douglas, 96

 

Vallois, Henri, 97

vegetational zones, in region of Arroyo Hondo, xii, xiii.  See also plant remains

violence, lack of skeletal evidence indicating, 20-21

 

Washburn, S. L., 96

Weiss, Kenneth, 31, 34, 36, 46, 72

Wendorf, Fred, 1

 

Zaino, Edward, 43

Zuni sites, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180