The Contemporary Ecology of Arroyo Hondo New Mexico
abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi, 78
Abert’s squirrel (Sciurus aberti), 133-34
adobe, 11
agriculture: and climate change, 14; climate and potential for in study area, 46-48, 78; and water supply in Arroyo Hondo area, 9. See also domestic vegetational zone; growing season
Alluvial Land soil type, 52
alluvial materials, 18, 19
alpine tundra and meadows, 13-14, 95-103
amphibians, species observed in study area, 122-23
Ancha formation, 18, 19, 20, 24-25
Ancho Clay Loam, 52
andesite rock, 11, 18-19
animals: and food sources in environment of Arroyo Hondo, 10, 78; and forest fires, 111; observations of species in study area, 177-36. See also amphibians; birds; mammals; reptiles
Apache Canyon, 119-20
Apache plume (fallugia paradoxa), 66
aquifers, 23
architectural materials, sources of in environment of Arroyo Hondo, 10-11
Arizona fescue grass (Festuca arizonica), 102
Arroyo de los Chamisos, 119
Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 20
Arroyo Hondo fault, 19, 20
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo (LA 12), viii: abandonment of, xi, 78; and agriculture, 9, 14, 46-48, 78; climate of, 27-48, 77-78; delineation of study area, 2-3; and food resources, 78, 95; geology of, 16-20; history and background of archaeological research at, ix, xi, 1, 78-79; hydrology of, 21-25; location of, ix, x; and overview of environment, 6-14; physiography of, 15-16; soils of, 49-55; vegetational zones beyond study area as seasonal resources of food and raw materials for, 95; vertebrate species observed at, 117-36. See also ecology
aspen (Populus tremuloides), 106
Austin, James M., 27, 33, 35
badger (Taxidea taxus), 136
Bailey, F. M., 117
Baldwin, Brewster, 20
basaltic rock, 12
bats (Chiroptera spp.), 131
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and agriculture, 47, 78
big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), 66
biotite, 11
birds, species observed in study area, 124. See also animals
Bishop’s Lodge member, of Tesuque formation, 19
black bear (Ursus americanus), 136
black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus), 129
black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus), 130
black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), 132
blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis), 10, 65, 66, 108. See also grama grasses
bluegrass (Poa spp.), 102, 106
blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), 125
blue spruce (Picea pungens), 102
Bluewing soil type, 53
bobcat (Lynx rufus), 136
Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrula), 130
breccia zones, 19
broomweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), 65
brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), 130
brown towhee (Pipilo fuscus), 131
Bsk climates, 27
burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia), 127
cacti (Opuntia spp.), 113
Caja del Rio Mesa, 6, 12
Calabasas-Tetilla-Caja soil group, 112
caliche layer, and Piedmont Soil III, 55
Cañada Corral, 119
Cañada de los Alamos Grant, 121
Cerrillos Fine Sandy Loam, 53
Chamisos fault, 19-20
chert, 11
Chimayo-Carcajo soil type, 104
Chimayo Stony Loam, 53
chipmunk (Eutamias spp.), 133
Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), 129
clay soils, as architectural material, 11
cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), 128
climate: and agriculture, 14, 46-48; of alpine tundra and spruce-fir associations, 99-102; and climate change, 14, 78; definition of, 27; dynamics of, 44-46; extremes and variations in, 39-44; and humidity, 38; influence of mountains on, 6, 27, 77; of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; and patterns of precipitation in Santa Fe area, 27-33; of shortgrass plains association, 112; and temperature, 33-35, 36-37; and winds, 38-39 See also drought; growing season; precipitation
clover (Trifolium spp.), 106
cobbles, 11
collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris), 123
common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), 128
common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), 127
common raven (Corvus vorax), 128
Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii), 125
corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 102
corn (Zea mays), and agriculture, 47, 78
cotton, and agriculture, 47
coyote (Canis latrans), 135
currant (Ribes cereum), 66
deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), 135
desert cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni), 132
Dickson, D. Bruce, Jr., 2
domestic vegetational zone, 57, 73, 76
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), 106
downy woodpecker (Dendrocopos pubescens), 127
dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), 113
drought, 33, 47, 78. See also climate change; precipitation
dwarf juniper (Juniperus communis), 102
eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), 123
ecology, of Arroyo Hondo study area: and danger of climate change, 14; overview of environment, 6-14; and physiography of study area, 15-16; research design and methodology for study of, 1-5; summary of and conclusions on, 77-79. See also animals; climate; geology; hydrology; plants; soils
edible plants: in domestic vegetation zone, 73; and food from environment in Arroyo Hondo region, 9-10; list of species identified from vegetation communities in study area, 81-94; as percentage of total plant collection, 5, 57; in piñon-juniper vegetation zone, 60
Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), 102, 106
evapotranspiration, 38
evening grosbeak (Hesperidphona vespertina), 130
experimental gardens, 47
faults, and geology, 19-20
fauna. See animals
Findley, James S., 117
fires. See forest fires
Five Mile Loam, 52
flora. See plants
food, sources of in environment of Arroyo Hondo region, 9-10, 78, 95. See also agriculture; animals; edible plants
foothills, 14, 15, 16
Foothills Soil I, 51, 52-53
Foothills Soil II, 51, 53
forest fires, 60, 64, 108, 111
four-wing saltbrush (Atriplex canescens), 66
Freirer-Marreco, Barbara, 5
fringed bromegrass (Bromus ciliatus), 102
frost, and growing season, 39, 112
Galisteo Creek, 121
Galisteo formation, 18
galleta grasses (Hilaria jamesii), 113
Gallina Arroyo, 118, 121, 122
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), 66, 106, 108
Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambelii), 126
Garcia, Francis, 5
garter snake (Thamnophis sp.), 124
Gehlbach, F. R., 117
geology: and stratigraphy, 16, 18; and structural features, 19-20; and timetable, 17. See also mountain(s); soil(s)
geranium (Geranium richardsonii), 102, 106
Glorieta Baldy, 120
Glorieta Mesa, 13
gneiss, 11, 16
golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis), 133
gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer), 124
grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.), 113
granite, 11, 16
gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), 135
gray-headed junco (Junco caniceps), 131
great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), 126
groundwater, 23-25. See also springs
growing season: and climate of study area, 39; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 104-105; in shortgrass plains association, 112; in spruce-fir vegetation zone, 99, 102. See also agriculture
Gulf of Mexico, and climate of study area, 28, 43-44
Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni), 133
hairy woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus), 127
Hall, E. R., 117
Harrington, J. P., 5
Haurwitz, Bernard, 27, 33, 35
herbaceous plants: in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 63; in rabbit brush community, 70-71; in riparian community, 74-75
house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), 131
hummingbird (Trochilidae), 127
Hutchins, Charles R., 5
hydrology: and groundwater, 23-25; and surface water, 21-23
Idaho, fire effects on wildlife in, 111
Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), 113
irrigation wells, 24
Jemez Mountains, 6, 12
juniper (Juniperus monosperma), 11. See also piñon-juniper vegetational zone
Kearney, Thomas H., 5
Kelley, N. Edmund, xii, 64, 117, 118
Kelson, K. R., 117
killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), 126
Kirk, Donald R., 5
Krenetsky, John C., 59
La Bajada Mesa, 6
Lamb, H. H., 33, 39, 45
Lang, Richard W., 3, 64, 117
Laporte-Rock outcrop complex, 54
Laramide orogeny, 19
Leege, Thomas A., 111
leopard frog (Rana pipiens), 123
lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata), 123
Lewis’s woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewis), 127
limber pine (Pinus flexilis), 106
Lindsey, A. A., 5, 59
long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), 136
Majada-Apache-Montoso soil type, 112
mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 124
mammals, species observed in study area, 131-36. See also animals
Martin, William C., 5
medicinal plants: list of species identified in vegetation communities of study area, 81-94; as percentage of total plant collection, 5
methodology, and research design for study of ecology of Arroyo Hondo site, 1-5
Mexican duck (Anas diazi), 124
microenvironmental analysis, 3
Mirabal Stony Loam, 52
Mirabel-Supervisory soil type, 104
mixed conifer forest, 57, 97, 104-11
mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), 129
mountain(s), and mountain ranges: influence of on climate of Arroyo Hondo region, 6, 27, 77; and precipitation in study area, 27-28. See also Jemez Mountains; Sandia Mountains; Sangre de Cristo Mountains; Thompson Peak
mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides), 130
mountain brome (Bromus marginatus), 108
mountain chickadee (Parus gambeli), 129
mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), 106, 108
mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura), 126
muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.), 113
mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 10, 136
muscovite, 11
Nambe-Katherine soils, 97-98, 99
National Science Foundation, ix, xi
Nuttall’s cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttalli), 131-32
obsidian, 12
one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), 66
Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi), 134-35
Oregon junco (Junco oreganus), 131
ornate box turtle (Terrepene ornata ornata), 123
Pacific ocean, influence on climate of study area, 28, 43, 44, 46
Panky Fine Sandy Loam, 54
peavine (Lathyrus spp.), 106
Peebles, Robert H., 5
peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), 125
physiography, of Arroyo Hondo study area, 15-16
phytosociological study, 5
Piedras Negras fault, 19-20
Piedmont section, 15-16, 18, 25
Piedmont Soil I, 51, 53-54
Piedmont Soil II, 51, 54
Piedmont Soil III, 51, 54-55
pine dropseed grass (Blepharoneuron tricholepis), 108
pingue (Hymenoxys richardsonii), 65
piñon jay (Gymorhinus cyanocephala), 128-29
piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 6, 14, 57, 58-65, 77
piñon pine (Pinus edulis), 11
plain titmouse (Parus inornatus), 129
plants: adaptation of cold-tolerant or short-life-cycle types to mixed conifer forests, 105; dominant species in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 102, 103; dominant species in mixed conifer forests, 106, 107; dominant species in ponderosa pine forests, 108, 109-10; dominant species in shortgrass plains association, 112-13, 114-15; list of species identified from vegetation communities of study area, 81-94; major vegetational zones of study area, 57; and methodology for ecological study, 5; most abundant species in regrowth vegetation, 64-65; as supplemental food supply, 78. See also agriculture; edible plants; herbaceous plants; medicinal plants; shrubs; trees; vegetational zones
plateau whiptail (Cnemidophorous velox), 123
Pojoaque-Panky association, 53
Pojoaque-Rough Broken Land complex, 54
polar outbreaks, 40
polar sea ice, 45-46, 47
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), 11, 66, 106, 108
ponderosa pine forest, 104-11, 120
ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 57, 65-66
population, peak of at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 78
porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), 135
Potter, Loren D., 5
Precambrian prehistory, 19
precipitation: in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 99, 100; and groundwater, 24; influence of mountains on, 77; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; patterns of in Santa Fe area, 27-33. See also climate; drought; snowfall; thunderstorms
pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), 10
pueblos: cultural history of northern Rio Grande Valley and emergence of large during fourteenth century, ix; definition of territories of, 2
pumice, 19
pussy toes (Antennaria parvifolia), 102
quartz, 11
rabbit brush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), 66, 113
rabbit brush vegetational zone, 57, 66-67, 69, 70-71
raccoon (Procyon lotor), 136
red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 135
red-shafted flicker (Colaptes cafer), 127
red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 134
red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), 125
red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), 130
reptiles, species observed in study area, 123-24. See also animals
research design, and methodology of study of ecology of Arroyo Hondo site, 1-5
“Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The” (film), xi
Rio Grande Valley: emergence of large pueblos and cultural history of northern, ix; environment of beyond Arroyo Hondo study area, 12, 13; and vegetational zones, 7
riparian vegetational zone, 57, 67, 72, 73, 74-75
rivers. See riparian vegetational zone; Santa Fe River
roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), 127
Robbins, W. W., 5
robin (Turdus migratorius), 129-30
Rockland and Chimayo soils, 52
rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus), 133
rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), 129
Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), 66, 108
Rocky Mountain red elder (Sambucus racemosa), 106
ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), 124
rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), 131
runoff, and surface water, 21-23
Russian thistle (Salsola kali), 113
sage (Salvia spp.), 113
sampling stations, for faunal species, 118-21
Sandia Mountains, 6
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 77. See also alpine tundra and meadows; spruce-fir association
Santa Fe group, 20
Santa Fe-La Fonda association, 53
Santa Fe River, 12-13, 119
Santa Fe-Rock complex, 53
scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), 125-26
schist, 16
Schulman, Edmund, 33
scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), 128
seasonality, and vegetational zones beyond study area as resources for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 95. See also summer; winter
sedges (Carex spp.), 102
Seton Village fault, 19-20
shortgrass plains association, 96, 112-15
short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi), 123
shrub(s): and forest fires in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 111; species in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 62; species in ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 66; species in rabbit brush community, 69; species in riparian community, 72
shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), 102
side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), 108
Silver-Pojoaque association, 53-54
skunk (Spilogale putorius or Mephitis mephitis), 136
snakeweed (Gutierrezia lucida), 65
snowberries (Symphoricarpos spp.), 106
snowfall: average for in study area, 41; and spruce-fir vegetation zone, 99; and water supply, 24. See also precipitation; winter
snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), 132
soil(s): and agriculture, 78; of alpine tundra and meadows, 95-98; classifications of, 49-50; and clay as architectural material, 11; major types of, 50-55; of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 104, 108; of shortgrass plains association, 112; of spruce-fir association, 98-99
Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 3, 49
solar radiation, and temperature, 33, 35
southern pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae), 134
sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius), 125
Spiegel, Zane, 20
spotted ground squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma), 133
springs, and water supply, 23, 25, 77, 78
spruce-fir association, 13-14, 95, 98-103
squash (Cucurbita spp.), and agriculture, 47
squirreltail grass (Sitanion hystrix), 108
Stacy, Harold G., 3, 117, 121, 126, 131, 132, 135, 136
Stellar’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), 128
stratigraphy, 16, 18
streamflow: and groundwater, 23-24; and surface runoff, 23
study area, delineation of for ecology project, 2-3, 4
summer, and climate of study area, 29, 35, 42-44. See also seasonality
surface water, and hydrology, 21-23
“sustaining area,” delineation of for Arroyo Hondo, 2. See also seasonality
Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), 125
Sweet, Muriel, 5
temperature: in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 99, 101, 102; and climate of study area, 33-35, 36-37, 40; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; in shortgrass plains vegetation zone, 112
Terrace Deposits, 49, 51, 52
territory, and delineation of area for study of Arroyo Hondo ecology, 2
Tesuque formation, 18, 19, 20, 24-25
thermal low, 43-44
Thompson Peak, 120
thunderstorms, 28, 44
tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), 122
tools, materials for in environment of Arroyo Hondo region, 11-12
Townsend’s solitaire (Myadestes townsendi), 130
Trauger, Fred D., 23, 33
trees: species in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 61; species in ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 68. See also forest fires; mixed conifer forest; ponderosa pine forest
Trewartha, Glenn T., 27, 28, 38, 40
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 126
turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), 125
turquoise, 12
type B (Bsk) climates, 27
University of New Mexico (Albuquerque), 5
Van Denburgh, J., 117
vegetation. See plants
vegetational zones: list of plant species identified in study area, 81-94; major types in study area, 57; seasonal importance beyond study area as resources for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 95; transect of from Rio Grande Valley to Sangre Cristo Mountains, 7. See also alpine tundra and meadows; domestic vegetational zone; mixed conifer forest; piñon-juniper vegetational zone; ponderosa pine forest; ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone; rabbit brush vegetational zone; riparian vegetational zone; shortgrass plains association; spruce-fir association
velocity, of wind, 38-39
vertebrates. See amphibians; animals; birds; mammals; reptiles
vetches (Vicia spp.), 106
volcanic materials, 19
Von Eschen, G. F., 35, 38
water supply: and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo area, 9; and choice of village site in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 8; and springs, 23, 25, 77, 78; and surface water, 21-23. See also hydrology
water table, and groundwater, 24
western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), 130
western coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum leneatulus), 124
western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus), 124
western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), 124
western spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus hammondi), 122
western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), 130
White, William, 24
white fir (Abies concolor), 106
winds, and climate of study area, 38-39
winter: and climate of study area, 28, 35, 39-42, 45-46; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105. See also seasonality; snowfall
winter fat (Eurotia lanata), 113
wolfberry (Lycium pallidum), 66
Woodhouse’s toad (Bufo woodhousei), 123
Woodin, Howard E., 5, 59
Woodmansee, Robert G., 5
woodrat (Neotoma spp.), 135
Wright, Charles, 64
yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), 106
The Arroyo Hondo New Mexico Site Survey
abandonment: of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in Classic Period, 34, 35, 42, 76-77; of La Bajada Mesa in Classic Period, 65; of natural districts in Coalition Period, 63, 69, 73, 75; and water supplies in northern Rio Grande region, 66
absolute data, and site weight index, 27
aggregation, of populations in primary and secondary natural districts during Coalition Period, 75
agriculture: and canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa, 61; development of intensive practices in Coalition Period, 74-75, 76; and environmental stress during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73; and landforms on top of La Bajada Mesa, 62; in main and upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 56, 62; in Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 59-60, 63; and natural districts in Rio Grande region, 66; and Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 49, 51, 62; in Santa Fe River Canyon, 53, 62; success of in Developmental Period, 36, 40; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80, 85; in Tetilla Canyon, 57-58, 63; transition to in northern Rio Grande region, 70-71. See also maize; water and water supplies
Agua Fria, sites in vicinity of, 124-25
Albuquerque area, 6
Allen, Joseph, 119
Appraisal of Tree-ring Dated Pottery in the Southwest, An (Breternitz 1966), 21
Archaic lithic sites, 29-30
Arroyo de los Chamisos, 82
arroyo flows, as intermittent water sources, 18, 51
Arroyo Hondo Canyon. See Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage; Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: abandonment of in Classic Period, 34, 76-77; and artifactual analysis, 20-22; ceramic inventory from, 111-15; culture history of in context of northern Rio Grande prehistory, xii, 2; delineation of sustaining area, 79-85; description of sites immediately beyond sustaining area of, 117-25; description of natural districts, 43-62; establishment of survey areas, 17-19; field procedures for site survey, 19-20; interpretation of prehistory of, 67-70; location of, x; model of settlement change, 62-66; monographs on and authors, xi-xii; occupational hiatus during middle of fourteenth century, 123; and population history of study area, 36-42; results of site survey by chronological period, 29-36; and site weight index, 22-27; survey objectives and research design, 2-4; test and full-scale excavations , ix
Bandelier, Adolph, 6
Bannister, B., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119
Binford, Lewis R., 21
Birdsell, J. B., 64
Boserup, Esther, 74
Breternitz, David A., 13, 14, 21, 22, 120, 121, 124
buffer zones, and sustaining areas, 82
Cañada Ancha, 56, 80, 81, 82, 117
Cañada de los Alamos, 81, 119
carrying capacity: and environmental stress on agricultural production in northern Rio Grande region during Coalition Period, 73, 75; and population growth in natural districts, 64, 69
Carter, George F., 15
ceramics: and Chamisa Locita (LA 4), 118; and evidence for sites located under city of Santa Fe, 120-23; inventory of from Arroyo Hondo survey, 111-15; and Los Alamos Pueblo, 119-20; similarities of styles from Chaco Canyon to those of northern Rio Grande region, 7; and sites in vicinity of Agua Fria, 124-25
Cerro de la Cruz, 52
Chaco Canyon: and concept of Chaco-San Juan “interaction sphere,” 71, 74; decline and abandonment of, 15; similarities in ceramics to those from northern Rio Grande, 7
Chama River, 4
Chamisa Locita (LA 4), 81, 117-18
chronology: and framework of book, 9-10; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory by period, 10-16. See also Archaic lithic sites; Classic Period; Coalition Period; Developmental Period; Historic Period; Preceramic Period
Cienega Creek, 52
Clarke, David L., 64
Classic Period: decline of Arroyo Hondo population during, 42, 76; decline of population in Rio Grande floodplain and Santa Fe River Canyon natural districts during, 69; occupation and abandonment of La Bajada Mesa during, 65; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 8-9, 13-14; partial termination of occupation of Upper Arroyo Hondo in, 64; population magnitude in study area during, 40; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 34-35, 37-39; and site components in study area, 102-105, 107-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47
climate: and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 80; and decline of populations in natural districts, 63; deterioration of in sixteenth century and decline in population of study area, 42; impact of on agricultural productivity in northern Rio Grande region, 73-74; nature and distribution of lifezones, 78n1; rainfall and location of sites, 18; and water supply for Tetilla Canyon, 58; worldwide deterioration of in sixteenth century, 77. See also environmental stress; flooding
Coalition Period: growth of population of Upper Arroyo Hondo natural district during, 67-68, 70; increase in population and population density during, 41-42; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 8, 12-13; population magnitude in study area during, 40; population trends in northern Rio Grande region during, 72-76; reoccupation of Tetilla Canyon during, 64-65; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 32-33, 37-39; and site components in study area, 99-102, 106-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47
Cochiti Dam Archaeological Salvage Project, 9, 11, 19, 29
Cochiti Pueblo, 64
Cochiti Springs, 49
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 14
Developmental Period: and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 10-12; and population growth in northern Rio Grande region, 71-72; and population magnitude in study area, 40; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 30-32, 37-39; and site components in study area, 98-99, 106-109; site size during, 40; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47; success of agricultural adaptation during, 36, 40
Dickson, Bruce D., Jr., xii
Dittert, A. E., Jr., 15, 72
environmental stress, and agricultural production during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73, 75. See also climate
epidemic diseases (European), 42, 77
European contact. See Coronado; epidemic diseases; Historic Period
“exploitation territory,” 85n1. See also sustaining area
field procedures, and site survey for Arroyo Hondo project, 19-20
Flannery, K. V., 3
flooding: and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 56; and agriculture in Santa Fe River Canyon, 53
Forde, C. D., 56
Fort Burgwin Research Center, 9
Fritts, H. C., 77
Galisteo basin, 6
Galisteo River, 6
Gerkins, Shelby D., 22-23, 71, 78n1
Gladwin, H. S., 11
Glassow, Michael A., 15, 71
Hack, John T., 23-24, 54, 56
Hammond, Norman D. C., 85n1
Hewett, Edgar Lee, 6
Historic Period: and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 9, 14; population magnitude in study area during, 40; and reoccupation of canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa, 61; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 35-36, 37-39; and site components in study area, 105, 107-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47
Hole, Frank, 3
Hopi, 51, 54, 73, 81
Iran (Khuzistan region), 3-4
Jelinek, Arthur, 64
Judge, W. James, 14
Kelley, N. Edmund, xii, 78n1, 80
Kidder, A. V., 6, 124
Kwahe’e Complex, 11-12
LA 1. See Pindi Pueblo
LA 3, 53, 87, 99, 100, 107, 111
LA 4. See Chamisa Locita
LA 5. See Las Aguajes
LA 7, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108
LA 8. See Los Alamos Pueblo
LA 16, 32, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112
LA 76. See Upper Arroyo Hondo Pueblo
LA 113, 30, 87, 98, 99, 100, 106
LA 150, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107
LA 191, 31, 84, 85, 88, 98, 99, 109, 113
LA 249, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107
LA 266, 30, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106
LA 4445, 35, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113
LA 6295, 34, 35, 91, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 113
LA 10609, 30, 84, 85, 93, 98, 105, 108, 113
LA 10612, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 108, 113
LA 10614, 31, 85, 93, 99, 109, 113
LA 10617, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 113
LA 10621, 31, 34, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114
LA 10625, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114
LA 10655, 34, 35, 94, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114
LA 10701, 32, 33, 97, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108
La Bajada Mesa, 35, 36: description of canyon at edge of as natural district, 60-61; and Historic Period sites, 36; lifezones of, 57; as marginal natural district, 45; occupation and abandonment of in Classic Period, 35, 65; plains and hills at top of as natural district, 61-62; site components in, 109
Laboratory of Anthropology (University of Arizona), 11, 21, 29, 32, 119, 120, 122, 124
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (University of Arizona), 7
landforms: of La Bajada Mesa, 62; physiographic features of and concept of natural district, 44
Lang, Richard W., 21, 111
Las Aguajes (LA 5), 34, 57, 64, 81-82, 87, 103, 104, 109, 111
lifezones: and basic site data, 87-97; and “biotic communities,” 78n1; and concept of natural district, 44; impact of climate on nature and distribution of, 78n1; of La Bajada Mesa, 61-62; of Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58; of Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 49; of Santa Fe River Canyon, 53; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80, 81, 84, 85; of Tetilla Canyon, 57; of Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 55-56
Los Alamos Pueblo (LA 8), 68, 81-82, 111-12, 119-20, 123
maize, population growth and introduction of improved strains, 72. See also agriculture
marginal natural districts, 45
McNutt, Charles, 9, 11, 12
Mera, H. P., 6-7
Mesa Verde, 7, 74-75
Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage: description of as natural district, 58-60, 63; site components in, 109; as tertiary natural district, 45
middle northern Rio Grande sequence, development of as cultural sequence in northern Rio Grande, 4-16
Miller, John P., 84
Mississippi valley, and European epidemic diseases in advance of contact, 42
Museum of New Mexico, 19, 29
National Geographic Society, xi
National Science Foundation, ix, xi
natural districts: and basic site data, 87-97; as new concept, 4; definition of, 43-44; descriptions of for Arroyo Hondo region, 43-62; and interpretation of prehistory of Arroyo Hondo study area, 67-70; and interpretation of prehistory of northern Rio Grande region, 70-77; and site components in Arroyo Hondo study area, 106-109. See also La Bajada Mesa; Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage; Rio Grande floodplain and terraces; Santa Fe River Canyon; Tetilla Canyon; Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon
natural resources, natural districts and distribution of, 44
Navajo Reservoir District, 63
Neely, J. A., 3
Nelson, Nels, 6, 117-18, 119
northern Rio Grande region: culture history of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in context of, xii, 2; and development of middle northern Rio Grande cultural sequence, 4-10; general similarities between Iran and, 3; interpretation of settlement patterns and prehistory of, 70-77; overview of by chronological period, 10-16
occupational phases, and site weight index, 25
Ogapoge (pueblo), 120
Pajarito and Jemez plateaus, 6
Peckham, Stewart L., 23
Pecos classification, 6-8
Pecos Conference (1927), 6
Pecos Pueblo, 6
perched water table, in Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58, 59, 60
petroglyph sites, and La Bajada Mesa, 61, 63
Pindi Pueblo (LA 1), 7, 11, 12, 13, 68, 123, 124
pithouses, and Middle Developmental Period sites, 31
Plog, Fred, 78n2
population: decline of in Arroyo Hondo region during Classic Period, 42, 76; growth of during Developmental Period in northern Rio Grande region, 71-72; history of in Arroyo Hondo survey study area, 36-42, 63; rapid growth of in Upper Arroyo Hondo natural district in Coalition Period, 67-68, 70; settlement patterns and trends in during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 72-76; and water resources in Rio Grande region, 66
Pot Creek Pueblo, 9
Preceramic Period, and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 29-30
primary natural districts, 45, 69, 75
Pueblo Well area, 82
Redman, Charles L., 21
Reed, Erik K., 9, 11, 12, 13, 14
regional perspective, and northern Rio Grande region, 2
Reinhart, T. R., 14-15
relative data, and site weight index, 27
reoccupation: of canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa in Historic Period, 61; of Arroyo Hondo during Classic Period, 34; of Tetilla Canyon in Coalition Period, 64-65
research design, of Arroyo Hondo archaeological project, 2-4
Rio Grande floodplain and terraces: and decline of population in Classic Period, 69; description of as natural district, 48-51, 62; as primary natural district, 45; site components in, 106-107. See also northern Rio Grande region
“Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The” (film), xi
rock shelters, in Tetilla Canyon, 32, 34
Rowe, John H., 10
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 6, 80-81. See also Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon
Santa Fe (city), 14, 82, 120-23
Santa Fe area, 4, 6
Santa Fe River, 6, 49, 52, 82, 120, 124
Santa Fe River Canyon: and decline of population in Classic Period, 69; description of as natural district, 52-54, 62; as primary natural district, 51; site components in, 107-108
scanning behavior, and natural districts, 64, 65, 69
Schoenwetter, James, 15, 72
School of American Research, ix, 1
Schwartz, Douglas W., 2, 23
secondary natural districts, 45, 69, 75
settlement patterns: and concept of site weight index, 22-27; and definition of natural districts, 43-44; and description of natural districts for Arroyo Hondo study area, 43-62; and interpretation of Arroyo Hondo prehistory, 67-70; and interpretation of prehistory of northern Rio Grande region, 70-77; model of change in, 62-66; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory by chronological period, 10-16; and population history of Arroyo Hondo study area, 36-42; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey by chronological period, 29-36. See also abandonment; aggregation; pithouses; reoccupation; rock shelters; sustaining area
shrines, and Classic Period, 34, 35
site size: during Developmental Period; during Early Phase of Coalition Period, 32
site survey, for Arroyo Hondo project: and artifactual analysis, 20-22; establishment of survey areas for, 17-19; and field procedures, 19-20; objectives of, 2; results of by chronological period, 29-36; and site weight index, 22-27
site weight index: and basic site data, 87-97; by cultural sequence in study area, 37-39; and methods of site survey, 22-27; and natural districts, 44, 47, 69, 70; and population trends during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73
Smiley, T. L., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119
Spanish. See also Coronado; epidemic diseases; Historic Period
Stallings, W. S., 7, 119, 124
structural units, and site weight index, 24-25
Stubbs, S. A., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119, 124
submarginal natural districts, 45
survey areas, establishment of for Arroyo Hondo project, 17-19
sustaining area: abandonment of in Middle Classic Period, 35; delineation of for Arroyo Hondo, 79-85; and description of sites immediately beyond Arroyo Hondo study area, 117-25; and establishment of survey areas, 17; site survey and definition of, 2
Taos area, 4
Tertiary natural districts, 45
Tesuque By-Pass salvage site, 9
Tetilla Canyon: abandonment of in Coalition Period, 63, 69; description of as natural district, 57-58, 63; and growth of populations and sites in Classic Period, 34, 69, 70; reoccupation of in Coalition Period, 64-65; and rock shelters, 32, 34; as secondary natural district, 45; site components in, 109
time phases, and site weight index, 25-26
transect subunits, and survey areas, 18
Tuggle, Harold D., 23
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 18, 58
University of Arizona, xii, 7. See also Laboratory of Anthropology; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon (and western foothills of Sangre de Cristo Mountains): description of as natural district, 54-57, 62; location of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in, 67-70; partial termination of occupation in Classic Period, 64; and population growth in Coalition Period, 67-68, 70; as secondary natural district, 45; site components in, 108
Upper Arroyo Hondo Pueblo (LA 76), 32, 33, 82-84, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 112
water and water supplies: and abandonment of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and concept of natural districts, 44; importance of perennial sources to site location, 18; and Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58, 59, 60; and natural districts in Rio Grande region, 66, 73; and population of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 51; and Santa Fe River Canyon, 53-54; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80-81; and Tetilla Canyon, 57, 58; and Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 55. See also climate; flooding
Watson, Patty Jo, 21
Wendorf, Fred, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 25, 31, 84
Wetherington, Ronald K., 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25
Wilson, J., 23
Zubrow, E.. B. W., 64
The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains
abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi-xvii
accidental deaths: and age classes at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7, 18, 20-21; and location of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 93; and skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 38, 41. See also trauma
Acsádi, G. Y., 96
age: and accidental deaths at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and age categories for individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; age grading and prehistoric social organization at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; criteria for determination of, 95-96; of individuals in Component I and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23. See also age-status model; children; life expectancy
age-status model, and mortuary practices of present-day Tewas, 52-54, 71. See also ethnographic age-status model
agriculture: as basis of economy at Arroyo Hondo, xii; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x. See also dietary stress; food; plant remains
Alfred Herrera site, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
anemia, and iron deficiencies in infants and children, 44, 45, 47
Arroyo Hondo Project, xvii-xviii
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: Arroyo Hondo Pueblo Project and research on, xvii-xviii; description of, x, xii-xvii; genetic analysis of discrete cranial traits and population affinities of, 171-80; status of at peak of population, ix. See also burials; Component I; Component II; skeletal and mortuary remains
arthritis, 75, 103, 108, 119, 121-24, 133, 136-38, 149, 165
artificial cranial information, during infancy, 22
Awatovi site, 175, 176, 177, 178
Binford, Lewis, 49
biological distance, and population affinities, 173, 179
blankets, and grave accoutrements, 16, 57, 71. See also clothing
body positions: and burials at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; and summaries for Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8, 15. See also head orientation
bowing, of long bones: and calculation of average stature, 24, 42, 45-46; and information on individual burials, 102, 106, 114-15 , 119, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 166-69. See also long bones
Brown, James A., 49
burials, at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: comparison of to other Pueblo sites, 65-76; disturbance of by pueblo occupants, 26; excavation of, 3-5; information on individual, 101-51; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; key to symbols used for on plans, 82; skeletal information from, 21-26. See also body position; grave accoutrements; locations; mortuary practices; skeletal and mortuary remains
ceramics: and chronology of comparative sites, 66; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 16, 58, 59, 71, 159
ceremonial statuses, and grave accoutrements, 59-63
children: and age-status model of Tewa mortuary practices, 52; and body position of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 58, 63; and evidence for iron deficiency anemia in skeletal remains, 44, 45, 47; grave accoutrements and mortuary treatment different from adults, 71, 72; and information from individual burials, 103-111, 113-14, 116-18, 120-21, 125-28, 130-33, 138-40, 142-46, 148, 150-51; and isolated remains, 155-57; key to symbols indicating burials of, 82; mortuary practices and belief in reincarnation of, 50; and skeletal pathologies in burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 41-42. See also infant(s); infant mortality
chi-square test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
Clark, Geoffrey A., 51, 61, 63
climate: and agriculture at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; and dietary stress, 29-30; and increases or decreases in population, 29; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x; tree-ring evidence for fluctuations in, 29. See also drought
clothing, and historic mortuary practices of Pueblos, 50. See also blankets
comparative studies, of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76
Component I, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plaza areas, 8-10; and burials in roomblocks, 10-11; and burials in trash deposits, 12; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv-xv, xvi; differences in mortuary practices of Component II from, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 83, 85-89, 92-93; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25, 41-43; summary of grave accoutrements from burials during, 160-63; summary of skeletal information from burials during, 23-25
Component II, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plazas, 13; and burials in roomblocks, 13; and burials in trash deposits, 14; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; differences in mortuary practices from Component I to, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 84, 90, 93-94; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25-26, 43; summary of grave accoutrements from, 163-64
composite life tables, 31, 32-33, 34, 46
corn. See plant remains
cranial metrics, 100
cranial traits, and population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80
cranial vault periostitis, 75
cribra orbitalia, 41-43, 45, 107, 127, 129, 139-40, 146, 151, 166-69
death, skeletal pathologies and determination of causes of, 38. See also accidental deaths; infant mortality; life expectancy; mortality schedules
demography, and conclusions drawn from skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 30-37. See also population
Dennis, Wayne, 44
dental development and eruption, and age criteria, 95
dental disease, 75, 136, 142
dietary stress: and climate, 29-30; and infant-child mortality, 75-76. See also food; nutrition
differential diagnosis, and skeletal pathologies, 38, 46
disease. See anemia; arthritis; dental disease; health status; pathologies
divergence, and biological distance between populations, 173, 179
drought, and abandonment of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii. See also climate
Dubos, Rene, 37
Dwight, Thomas, 96
Eggan, Fred, 49
Ellis, Florence Hawley, 49-50, 61
El-Najjar, Mahmoud, 44
endocranial lesions, 41, 43, 45, 109, 127-29, 134, 139, 146, 166-69
endocranial suture closure, and age determination, 96
epiphyseal union, and age determination, 95, 96
ethnographic age-status model, mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of, 54-63. See also age-status model
Euler, Robert, 30, 43
exocranial periostitis, 119
exotic materials. See rare items
food: and burial practices at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 71; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 61; and mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50-51. See also nutrition; plant remains
Forked Lightning Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
gender: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and criteria for adult sex determination, 96; of individuals in Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23, 24; of individuals in Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; key to symbols for burials and, 82; and sexual differences in expression of discrete cranial traits, 172-73
general skeletal porosity, 42, 43, 45, 166-69
genetics: and similarity of Arroyo Hondo population to Tewa-Tano, 75, 179, 180; and statistical analysis of discrete cranial traits for study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80
Genovés, Santiago, 97
Giusewa site, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180
Grasshopper Pueblo, 51, 61
grave accoutrements: and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 69, 71-72; and description of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 16-17, 20; detailed summary of from Arroyo Hondo, 159, 160-64; and differences between mortuary practices of Component I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 28; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 57-63; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 102, 105-21, 125, 127-30, 131, 133-36, 138-44, 145-48, 150; variable preservation of organic at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 66, 96
Halona site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Hawikuh site, 175, 176, 177, 178
head orientation: and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 15; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56; and historic mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50; key to symbols for burials and, 82
health status, difference in subadult and adult age groups indicated by burials from Component I period, 25. See also nutrition; pathologies
Hooton, E. A., 43, 74
Hopis and Hopi sites, 44, 175, 176, 178, 180
identification numbers, for skeletons or isolated bones, 5
infant(s): and artificial cranial deformation, 22; breastfeeding of and iron deficiencies, 44, 45, 47; descriptions of individual burials of fetuses and, 105-107, 109-11, 117, 125-34, 138-41, 143, 145-48, 150-51, . See also children; infant mortality
infant mortality: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 72; and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30; high rate of indicated by Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; as indicator of poor nutrition and dietary stress, 43, 45, 76; and mortality curve for Arroyo Hondo, 36-37. See also life expectancy
iron, bone content of and skeletal pathologies, 43, 44, 45, 47
isolated remains, and description of skeletal materials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 26-27, 151-57
Jemez sites, 174, 175
Keres sites, 176
Kidder, Alfred, 68-69, 71
kivas: burials in and possibility of accidental deaths, 20; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
Krogman, W. M., 96
Kuaua site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Kunitz, Stephen, 30, 43
Lambert, Marjorie, 66, 67
Lang, Richard W., 66
Lange, Charles, 67, 72
life expectancy: and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30-31; and mortality curves for Arroyo Hondo, 36. See also age; infant mortality
locations, of burials: comparison of in Components I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 27; comparison of Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67-68; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-14, 81-94; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56. See also plazas; roomblocks; trash deposits and middens
long bones, measurements of, 97-98. See also bowing
Lovejoy, C. Owen, 23
Mackey, James, xix, 21, 22, 97
male-female sex ratio, of Component I burials, 23-24. See also gender
malnutrition. See nutrition
Maltby, J. R. D., 96
mats, and grave accoutrements, 16, 19, 57, 58, 71
Mera, H. P., 176
mica, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62
migration, role of in population dynamics at Pueblo sites, 36
mortality schedules, and composite life tables, 34
mortuary practices: and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52-54; and burials at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of ethnographic age-status model, 54-63; differences in between Component I and Component II, 27-28; ethnographic and historic accounts of Pueblo, 49-52 . See also burials; grave accoutrements; skeletal and mortuary remains
National Geographic Society, xvii
National Science Foundation, xvii
Nelson, Nels C., 3-4, 18, 77-79
Nemeskéri, J., 96
nutrition: and difference in health status of adults and subadults, 24-25; evidence for deficiencies in from skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69. See also dietary stress; food
orientation. See body position; head orientation
ornaments. See rare items; turquoise
Ortiz, Alfonso, 3, 50, 53, 60, 61-62
osteochondroma, 126
osteolysis, 38, 39-40
osteoma, 108, 149
osteomyelitis, 75
osteosclerosis, 39-40
Paa-ko Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
paint, on bodies before burial, 11, 17, 60, 63, 71
paleopathology, and etiologic relationships between skeletal conditions and specific disease processes, 38
Palkovich, Ann M., xviii, xix, 46
Parsons, F. G., 49, 50, 96
pathologies, skeletal: and comparison of Arroyo Hondo burials to other Pueblo sites, 75; influence of nutrition on, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and skeletal information from Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24-25, 28; and skeletal information from Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25-26, 28; summary of conditions observed in adult skeletons from Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69. See also arthritis; bowing, of long bones; cribra orbitalia; endocranial lesions; paleopathology; periostitis; porotic hyperostosis
Pearson, Karl, 96
Pecos Mission, 175, 177, 178, 179
Pecos Pueblo: and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179; porotic hypertosis in skeletons from, 43
periosteal infection, 121
periostitis, 75, 103, 105, 112, 125-26, 130, 134, 141, 146
personal possessions, and mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 50, 61
Phenice, T. W., 96
Pindi Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
pine branch, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62
plant remains, and grave accoutrements, 17, 159. See also agriculture; food; vegetational zones
plazas: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67; and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-10, 85-89, 92-93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 93-94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones from Arroyo Hondo, 5; letter designations referring to, 82
population: climate and increases or decreases in, 29; relationship of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80; role of migration in dynamics of at Pueblo sites, 36. See also demography
porotic hyperostosis, 41, 43-44, 110, 116, 118, 127-29, 131, 143, 147-48, 150-51, 166-69
Pottery Mound site, 175, 176, 177, 178
preservation, of skeletal remains and organic grave accoutrements, 8, 66, 96
projectile points, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62
public symphysis changes, and age determination, 96
publication series, on Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii-xviii
Pueblos: comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and ethnographically known details of mortuary practices, 49, 50-52, 63; population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano sites, 171-80; role of migration in population dynamics of, 36. See also Arroyo Hondo Pueblo; Grasshopper Pueblo; Hopis and Hopi sites; Paa-ko Pueblo; Pecos Pueblo; Pindi Pueblo; Tijeros Pueblo; Zuni sites
Puye site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
rare items, in grave accoutrements, 58, 59, 61, 71. See also ravens; red ochre; turquoise
ravens, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62
red ochre, 60. See also paint
Reed, Erik, 1
reference model life tables, 34, 35, 37
Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past (film), xvii
Rio Grande region: comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other Pueblos sites in northern, 65-76; earliest farming settlements in northern, ix-x; locations of historic and prehistoric pueblos in northern, xi
ritual, and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices, 61. See also grave accoutrements; mortuary practices; symbolism
roomblocks: and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 10-11, 85-89, 93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones and, 5; number designations referring to, 82; symbols for types of on plans of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81
San Cristobal site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, x
Sapawe site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
Saxe, Arthur, 49
School of American Research, 1, 4-5, 7
Schull, W. J., 96
sex ratio. See gender
skeletal growth and development, and age determination, 95
skeletal information, summary of for burials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 21-26. See also age; gender; pathologies; stature
skeletal and mortuary remains, from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: comparison of to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and demography, 30-37; and description of burials, 7-28, 77-79; detailed information by individual burial, 101-51; differences in preservation of grave accoutrements and, 8, 66, 96; excavation of burials at, 3-5; introduction to, xviii-xix; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; and mortuary practices as test of ethnographic age-status model, 49-63; nutrition and disease in pathologies observed from, 37-47; objectives for study of, 2-3; statistical analysis of cranial traits and study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probably ancestral Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80. See also burials; mortuary practices; pathologies
social organization: and age grading at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52
spondylolysis and spina bifida, 125, 136
spongy hyperostosis, 127, 129
squash. See plant remains
Stallings, W. S., Jr., 66, 67, 71, 72
statistical tests, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
stature: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and Component I adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24, 28, 99; and Component II adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 28, 99; standards for measurements and estimates of, 97, 99
stone tools: and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 71
Stubbs, Stanley, 66, 67, 71, 72
symbolism: and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 63; and mortuary practices among modern Pueblos, 50. See also Ritual
Tano: and archaeological sites included in study, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180
Tewas: and age-status model of mortuary practices, 52-54, 63, 71; and archaeological sites included in genetic analysis, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180
Thieme, F. P., 96
Tijeras Pueblo, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Tiwa sites, 176, 178, 179, 180
Towa sites, 175, 176, 178, 180
trash deposits and middens: Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 12, 93; Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 14, 94; and isolated remains at Arroyo Hondo, 26
trauma, and skeletal pathologies, 39, 75. See also accidental deaths
tree-ring evidence, for climate fluctuations, 29
turkey pens, in plazas, 13
turquoise, and grave accoutrements, xvi, 71
Ubelaker, Douglas, 96
Vallois, Henri, 97
vegetational zones, in region of Arroyo Hondo, xii, xiii. See also plant remains
violence, lack of skeletal evidence indicating, 20-21
Washburn, S. L., 96
Weiss, Kenneth, 31, 34, 36, 46, 72
Wendorf, Fred, 1
Zaino, Edward, 43
Zuni sites, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180
The Past Climate of Arroyo Hondo New Mexico Reconstructed From Tree Rings
abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv, xv, 99, 106
agriculture, and Santa Fe dendroclimatic reconstructions, 106
Albuquerque, and weather records, 35, 38, 39, 40-41, 42, 43
amplitude matrix, and eigenvector amplitudes, 54, 58, 60
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: conclusions on paleoclimate of, 91-106; description and overview of, x-xv; design and objectives of study, ix-x; introduction to tree-ring samples from, 1-2; location of, viii. See also climate; dendroclimatology
Arroyo Hondo site chronology: evaluation of for use in paleoclimatic reconstruction, 11-29; and introduction to techniques of dendroclimatology, 7-10
autocorrelation function, and chronology merging, 19-21
autospectra, of tree-ring chronologies, 24
averaging, and composite tree-ring chronology, 93
Ayres, Frank, Jr., 52
behavioral buffering mechanisms, and paleoclimatic variations, 91
Blackman, R. B., 15
Blalock, Hubert M., Jr., 74
Bottorff, Christine P., 2
Box, George E. P., 15
Brier, G. W., 15
Brillinger, David R., 15
climate: assumptions underlying attempted reconstruction of for Arroyo Hondo, 5-6; calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 49-78; and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 91-106; evaluation of range of variation for Santa Fe area, 31-43; evaluation of tree-ring chronologies used in reconstruction of for Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; favorable conditions of during growth phase of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi; influence of on growth of trees, 3-5, 9-10, 69; shift to high annual variability in precipitation at Arroyo Hondo circa A.D. 1335, xiv; and verification procedure for climatic data, 79-86, 87-89. See also dendroclimatology; drought; precipitation; temperature
chronology merging, and Glorieta Mesa and Santa Fe archaeological chronologies, 18-27
classic harmonic analysis, compared to spectral analysis, 19
coherency squared, and cross-spectral analysis, 26
confidence limits, for response function, 61-62
Cooley, W. W., 52
correlation coefficient, and reduction of error statistic, 83-86
cross-correlation analyses, and chronology merging, 18
cross-spectral analysis, and chronology merging, 24-27
CUTE (cumulative temperature analysis) computer program, 43, 44-45
Dean, Jeffrey S., xv, 5
dendroclimatology: approaches in recent research on, 4; assumptions underlying attempted reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo area, 5-6; and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 49-78; and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 91-106; description of tree-ring sequences used in Arroyo Hondo study, 7, 9; and evaluation of range of variation in climatic data for Santa Fe area, 31-43; and evaluation of tree-ring chronologies used for paleoclimatic reconstruction for Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and flow chart for Arroyo Hondo analysis, 8; history of and relationship between tree growth and weather, 3, 5; implications for archaeology of recent advances in, ix; introduction to techniques and methods of, 3-10; recent additional climatic reconstructions for Santa Fe area, 107-108; and verification of equations used in calibration process, 79-86, 87-89. See also climate
descriptive statistics, and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 32-35, 36-37
differences of means, t-test for, 79-80, 81-82
digital filtering techniques, for evaluation of tree-ring chronologies for climatic analysis, 13, 18
DMASS (double mass analysis of precipitation series) computer program, 43, 46-47
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 1
Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 3
Draper, N. R., 74
drought, Santa Fe dendroclimatic record and reconstruction of precipitation patterns, 94, 98, 100, 106. See also water stress
Durbin, J., 78
Durbin-Watson statistic, and transfer function, 71, 76, 78
eigenvalues, and response function, 54, 55
eigenvectors, and response function, 51-62
Environmental Data Service, 31
error statistic, correlation coefficient and reduction of, 83-86
factor analysis, and eigenvectors, 58
fir (Abies spp.), 1. See also tree growth
Fourier transform, and variance spectrum, 21-22, 26
F-ratio, and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 62, 71, 73, 74
Fritts, Harold C., 2, 5, 13, 14, 15, 28, 68, 80, 85
Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology: and evaluation of range of variation of modern Santa Fe climatic data, 31-43; evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to techniques of dendroclimatology, 7, 9, 10; relationship between modern Santa Fe weather record and, 91; response function for, 62-68
Great Drought (1276-1299), 98, 100, 106
Harris, Richard J., 52
heterogeneity, of meteorological data, 42
high frequency variation, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 14-15
Holloway, J. L., Jr., 15
homogeneity, of meteorological data, 42-43
infant mortality, and evidence for nutritional stress at Arroyo Hondo, xiv
Jenkins, Gwilym M., 15, 22, 27
juniper (Juniperus spp.), 1. See also tree growth
Kemrer, Meade F., 5
Kerlinger, F. N., 74
Kohler, M. A., 43
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (University of Arizona), 1, 2, 6, 43
lagged ring-width indices, and regression equation, 61
LaMarche, Valmore C., Jr., 18
living-tree chronologies, climate sensitivity of, 7
Lohnes, P. R., 52
low frequency variation, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 14-15
mean sensitivity, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 13
missing values, estimation of for Santa Fe climatic record, 35, 38-41, 42
Mitchell, J. M., Jr., 15, 42
Mosimann, James E., 2
multiple linear regression, and calibration of tree-ring and climate time series, 60-62, 69, 70-78
multivariate analyses, and general approaches in recent dendroclimatic research, 4
National Geographic Society, x
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 31
National Science Foundation, x
negative value: for Glorieta Mesa piñon response function, 67; and product mean statistic, 80
network study, and dendroclimatic reconstruction for Santa Fe area, 107-108
New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, 31
New Mexico State Engineer Office, 31
normalization, of climatic data, 50-51
northwestern New Mexico study, and recent dendroclimatic reconstructions, 108
null hypothesis, and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 73-74, 76
nutritional stress, and bone pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, xiv
Nyquist frequency, and variance spectrum, 22
overlap periods, in tree-ring chronologies, 16, 17, 20
paleoclimate. See climate
Pecos, and weather records, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43
Pedhazer, E., 74
persistence, in time series, 24
photosynthetic capacity, effects of climate on, 69
physiological and growth studies, and approaches in recent dendroclimatic research, 4
piñon (Pinus edulis), 1, 11, 69. See also Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology; tree growth
piñon-juniper forest, and Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 1
plazas, and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), 1, 11. See also tree growth
population, climate and decline of at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv, xv. See also abandonment
positive values: for Glorieta Mesa piñon response function, 67-68; and product mean statistic, 80
precipitation: and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 92-105; and normalization of climatic data, 52-53; and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 35, 38-41, 42. See also drought; water stress
principal components analysis: and response function, 50-68; and transfer function, 68-78
product mean statistic, and verification process, 80, 83
publication series, and Arroyo Hondo Pueblo project, x
reduction of error statistic, and correlation coefficient, 83-86
relative homogeneity, of meteorological data, 42-43
resettlement, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo after initial abandonment, xiv-xv
response function: and mathematical expression of relationship between climate and tree growth, 9-10; and principal components analysis, 50-68
ring-width measurements, 12
Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The (film), x
Robinson, William J., xv, 5
roofing elements, of pueblos as main source of tree-ring specimens, xiv
roomblocks, and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi, xiii, xiv
Rose, Martin R., xv, 107
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, xi, xii, 1
Santa Fe archaeological tree-ring chronology: evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to dendroclimatology, 7, 9, 10; and reconstruction of precipitation variability, 91
Santa Fe climatic chronology: evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to dendroclimatology, 2
Santa Fe climatic data: and additional dendroclimatic reconstructions, 107-108; and amplitude series for eigenvectors, 59; and eigenvalues, 55, 56-57; evaluation of range of variation in, 31-43; relationship between Glorieta Mesa piñon growth and, 91; verification process and comparison of actual precipitation and temperature measurements from, 79
Schoenwetter, James, 6
School of American Research, ix-x, 1
Schulman, Edmund, 3
seed germination, Santa Fe tree-ring evidence as relative measure of, 106
Shatz, David J., 13, 14, 15, 28
Signal Corps, 32
skeletal remains, and evidence for nutritional stress at Arroyo Hondo, xiv
Smiley, Terah L., 2
Smith, David G., 68
Smith, H., 74
spectral analysis, and chronology merging, 18-19
Spiegel, Murray R., 40
standardization, and composite tree-ring chronology, 93
standardized growth indices, and ring-width measurements, 12
step-wise multiple regression: and response function, 67; use of in previous dendroclimatological research, 49-50
Stockton, Charles W., 19
Stokes, Marvin A., 2, 68
storage, as behavioral buffering mechanism, 91
Taos, and weather records, 35, 41
Tatsuoka, Maurice, 52
temperature: and normalization of climatic data, 52-53; and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 32-35, 38-41, 42
trade, as behavioral buffering mechanism, 91
transfer function: and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 68-78; and reconstruction of past climate of Arroyo Hondo area, 10
tree growth, influence of climate on, 3-5, 9-10, 69. See also fir; juniper; piñon; ponderosa pine; vegetation zones
tree-rings samples: calibration of climatic time series and, 49-78; evaluation of for use in paleoclimatic reconstruction, 11-29; introduction to from Arroyo Hondo, 1-2. See also Arroyo Hondo site chronology; Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology; Santa Fe archaeological tree-ring chronology
t-test, for differences of means, 79-80, 81-82
Tukey, J. W., 15
United States Army Post Surgeons, 32
United States Department of Commerce, 31
University of Arizona. See Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
variance component characteristics, and evaluation of dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 15-18
variance spectrum, and chronology merging, 21-24
vegetation zones, from Sangre de Cristo Mountains to Rio Grande, xi, xii
verification, and reconstruction of past climate of Arroyo Hondo area, 10, 79-86, 87-89, 93
water stress, tree-ring chronologies as predictors of, 93-94. See also drought
Watson, G. S., 78
Watts, D. G., 22, 27
Weather Bureau, 31, 32
Wesolowsky, George O., 76
“window closing” technique, and variance spectrum, 22-23
The Faunal Remains From Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, 227, 228, 235, 236
Accipiter straitus, 33
Agaronia testacea, 227
agriculture: acres under cultivation, 43; birds and, 34, 61, 117, 133; deer and, 53, fallow fields, 34, 43; grass and, 34; importance of, 8, 90, 94; irrigation, 37, 122, 126; land clearing, 26, 33, 39, 42, 55, 122; renewal of 40; small mammals and, 54-58; vegetation change and, 26, 37, 42; weeds and, 33, 34, 38, 43
Aqua Fria site, 66
Albuquerque: gophers and 31, 32; turkeys and, 95, 97, 99; turtles and, 10, 111, 114, 115, 119
Alexander, Hubert G., and Paul Reiter, 260, 270
Alfred Herrera site, 100
Allen, Glover M., 88
Amazona farinosa, 118
amphibians, 45, 145
Angostura site, 98, 113, 114
Animas Mountains, 91
antelope, Antilocapra Americana, 12, 27, 34, 48-50, 53, 68, 130
antler: artifacts of, 212, 215, 220, 222; butchering and, 82; hunting patterns and, 51-53, 58
Apache Canyon, 67
aquatic species, 34, 37, 40, 59, 61, 73, 74
Aquila chrysaetos, 59, 74, 270
Ara macao. See macaw
Aranda, Joan de, 101
architecture, 15-18, 31, 43, 135, 182n.1, 218
arc shell, Arca asp., 227, 228, 236
Arizona, 3, 10, 93, 95, 111, 118, 245, 271, 284
arroyo cutting, 37, 43
Arroyo de los Chamisos, 64
Arroyo Gallina, 67
Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 3, 10, 25, 27, 68
Artifical Leg sites, 97
artiodactyls: butchering of, 71, 74, 75, 78; collection percentage of, 46, 48, 128; dressed weight of, 46, 109; importance and decline of, 47-51, 132
Asio flammeus, 35, 74, 131
awls: basketry, 192, 193; bone elements for, 194-96, 215, 216; compared, 220-22; described, 197; end retention typology for, 190; functions of, 191-94, 219; manufacturing of, 194-96; reused, 200; Seri, 192, 193; tip forms for, 193, 196; type A, 194, 197, 220; type B, 193, 195, 197; type C, 192, 194, 195, 198; type D, 192, 1194, 195, 199, type E, 192, 195, 199; type F, 192, 196, 200; type G, 196, 201; type H, 201; type I, 196, 202; type J, 196, 202; type K, 196, 203; type L, 196, 204, 220; typology of, 187, 191
Aztec Ruin, 88, 192, 205
badger, Taxidea taxus, 33
Bailey, Florence Merriam, 27, 37, 63
Bailey, Vernon, 13, 27, 31, 32, 36, 50, 58
Bandelier Black-on-gray pottery, 143
Barker, Elliot S., 27
Basketmaker culture, 90, 97, 271, 273
basketry, 192, 193
Beal, John D., 219
bear, Ursus arctos, 14
birds: agrriculture and, 34, 61, 117; bone artifacts from, 188, 196, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 216; ceremonial interment of, 72; collection percentage of, 45, 46, 60; compared sizes and uses of, 61; disarticulations and, 72; ecotones for, 12, 43; mortuary items from, 73, 74; quill removal from, 74; raptorial, 35, 59-60, 63, 72, 130; rendered flightless, 72, 131; species of, generally, 13, 33, 34, 59, 71. See also macaws; turkeys
bison, Bison bison, 5, 12, 13, 49, 50, 68
blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthoocephalus, 34
blankets, 71, 101, 132, 267, 268, 270
bluebirds, Sialia sp., 59
blue grouse, Dendragapus obsurus, 14, 19, 63, 67
Boas, Franz, 90, 105
Bohrer, Vorsila L., 103, 105
bone: burned, 72, 74, 77, 78, 84, 89; butchering and, 9, 71, 84; healed, 102; identification of, 18, 22; miscellaneous artifacts of, 189, 217; regional comparison for artifacts of, 219-25; redering of, 84; species for artifcats of, 46, 81, 83, 189-90, 214, 221, 224, 225; storage of artifacts of, 218; type U artifacts, 215; type V artifacts, 215; type W artifacts, 215; type X artifacts, 215; type Y artifacts, 216, 220; type Z artifacts, 216, 218, 220; typology for artifacts of, 187, 189, 190, 214, 222. See also awls; musical instruments; ornaments; stone-knapping tools
Bonnichsen, Robson, 84
Bourke, John G., 89,205
brain extraction, 76, 77, 82
Brand Donald D., 243, 244
Branta Canadensis, 34, 59
brushland: animals of, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 56; expansion of, 26, 40, 41, 43, 126
burials: bird, 60, 98, 115, 116; bone artifacts in, 205, 217, 219, 221, 224; Component I, 271; Component II, 283; dog, 90; feathered textiles in, 267-68; fur textiles in, 265; hides in, 83, 263; preservation and, 261, 262; shell artifacts in, 227, 236, 237, 242; shrouds for, 264, 268, 270
Burnt Corn pueblo, 68
Bussey, Stanley D., 98
Bustamante, Piedro de, 101
butchering, 9; of birds, 71, 72, 74, 131; for brain extraction, 76, 77, 82; of large mammals, 78-83; of small mammals, 74-78; for marrow extraction, 84
Buteo sp., 63, 74
Caja del Rio Mesa, 99
Callipepla squamata, See Quail
Canada de la Cueva pueblo, 68
Canada de los Alamos, 67
canids, Canis sp.: butchering of, 77—78, dressed weights for, 46; MNI for, 87, 88. See also coyote; dog; gray wolf
Canon Ancho, 67
Canyon de Chelly, 89, 192
Canyon del Muerto, 97
carapace containers, 112-14, 133
Carlson, Roy L., 90
Carricito Community, 98
Cary, Merritt, 31
Casas Grandes, 92, 101, 116, 117, 244, 245
Cathartes aura, 60, 72
Cervus elaphus. See elk
Chaco Canyon, 90
Chama River, 90, 98, 100, 267
Chamisa Locita pueblo, 67, 69
Charadrius vociferous, 63
chipmunk, Eutamis sp., 13
chronology: of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 3, 5, 15-18; Basketmaker, 90, 271; Component I, 5, 38, 51, 94, 135-141; Component II, 5, 39, 142-43; of Great Drought, 15, 33, 179-80; Kidder’s, 222. See also Pueblo culture
Chrysemys picta, 11, 112-113, 114, 133
Chupadero Black-on-white pottery, 95, 96, 119
Cieneguilla pueblo, 68
City Hall Site, 66
Cleland, Charles Edward, 97
Cobre Mountains, 93
Cochise culture, 92, 94
Cochiti Pueblo, 8, 97, 98, 99, 113
Colaptes auratus, 33
Colton, Harold S., 243
Component I: animal remains of, 49, 51, 58, 60, 94, 105, 115, 133, 177; hunting territory, 64, 69; shell trade, 246. See also chronology
Component II: animal remains of, 50, 56, 109, 178; pottery of, 96; and vegetation, 39, 42. See also chronology
Component I and II: artifacts, 217-19, 239, 241, 242, 265, 267; deer hunting, 52-54; environmental change, 26, 40, 121-27; hunting territory, 66, 68; use of birds, 62-63, 93, 106
cone shells, Conus sp., 227, 233, 235, 238
cooking, 74, 77, 85, 131
coot, Fulica Americana, 47, 40
cordage: feather, 268-71; fur, 264-66
Cornwall, I. W., 18
Corrales, 113
corvids, Corvus sp., 59. See also ravens
cottontail rabbits: butchering of, 76, 77; collection percentage for, 46; habitat for, 12, 38, 41, 43, 127; jackrabbit ratio to, 29, 39; desert (Sylvilagus auduboni), 10, 12, 27, 29, 41; mountain (Sylvilagus nuttali), 13, 34
coyote, Canis latrans, 12, 88
Culin, Stewart, 205
cultural divergence, 223, 225
curlew, Numenius americanus, 37
Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 105
Cuyamungue pueblo, 100
Cynomys sp. See prairie dogs
Davis Mountains, 31
deer, See mule deer
Degenhardt, William G., and J. L. Christiansen, 113
Dendragapus obscurus, 14, 19, 63, 67
Dickson, D. Bruce, Jr., 64, 66, 67, 68
diet, 9, 21, 59, 89
DiPeso, Charles, 98, 117, 118, 244, 245
Dipodomys sp. See kangaroo rats
dog, Canis familiaris, 9, 22, 87-90, 132
dog whelk, Nassarius moestus, 227, 237, 244
domestic species, 9
Douglas fir, 26, 42
dove, Zenaida macroura, 33
drought. See precipitation: drought
ducks, 40, 73, 131
eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, 59, 74, 270
economy, 5, 8; adaptions to strees in, 52, 57, 61, 63, 130; animal availability and, 23, 54-56, 109, 128; correlated summary for, 123-25; energy expenditure and, 52, 53, 59, 107, 128, 130; sustaining territoty and, 9, 64, 65, 68, 69, 128
Eddy, Frank W., and Beth L. Dickey, 90
elk, Cervus elaphus, 14, 27, 48, 49, 50, 67, 107, 131
Ellis, Bruce T., 66
Ellis, Florence H., 64
El Pase, 113, 189
Emery, Irene, 260
environment; animal associations in, 8-18, 22, 25, 29, 32, 41; animal competition in, 13, 31; burned, 29; carrying capacity of, 56, 127, 131; climatic change in, 13, 25, 26, 31, 36, 39, 42; culture and, 23, 25, 34, 42, 43, 127; distant, 122; disturbed, 29, 43; elevation in, 10, 13, 14, 25, 31, 35, 36; goals of studying, 10-14; highland ecotone, 31; immediate, 25, 43, 121; method of analyzing, 18; micro-, 31, 33, 38; near, 64, 121, 122; preservation and, 261, 262; settlement and, 123-25; temperature in, 8, 13, 35, 36, 104; xeric events in, 33, 35, 37. See also brushland; grassland; life zones; precipitation; woodland
Eremophila alpestris, 59
Erethizon dorsatum, 33
erosion, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43
Espanola, 113
Espejo, Anotonio de, 101
Espinosa Glaze Polychrome pottery, 143
Estancia Basin, 50
estimated dressed meat weight, EDW, 21, 46, 47, 59, 107, 108
Eutamias sp., 13
excavation, 5, 19, 22; stratigraphy of, 20, 32, 41
extermination, 12, 27
extinct species, 14
falconids, 59, 72; sparrow hawk (Falco saprverius), 60
feather removal, 71, 72
Findley, James, 13, 14, 31, 34, 36, 42
fire: at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 53; habitat after, 29
firewood, 34
fish, 37, 40, 62, 64, 67; channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 37
flakers, 212, 222
flicker, Colaptes auratus, 33
floodplain, 10; flash flooding, 32, 37, 43
Folks, James, 262
food preparation, 9, 74, 77, 85, 131
Ford, Richard I., 9, 59, 97, 130, 245
Forde, Daryll C., 193, 213
forests, 14, 25, 26, 31, 67. See also woodland
Forked Ligghtening site, 118, 223, 260
Fox, Nancy, 265, 267, 279, 280, 284
foxes, 12, 88; gray (Urocyon cinereiargenteus), 33, 77; red (Vulpes vulpes), 14
Frijoles Canyon ruins, 100, 267
Frijoles Creek, 99
Frisbie, Theodore R., 90, 97
fuel, 43; firewood, 34
Fulica americana, 37, 40
Galisteo Basin, 3, 68, 98, 99
Galisteo Creek, 67
Galisteo pueblo, 68
Gallegos Lamero, Hernan, 101
Gallina area, 92, 98
gaming pieces, 205, 208
Gavia sp., 37
geese, 34, 40, 59, 61, 64, 74, 122; Canadian (Branta Canadensis), 34, 59
Gifford, e. w., 244
Gila River, 118, 133, 243, 271
Gilbert, B. Miles, 18
Glycymeris, 246
gophers, 29, 43. See also pocket gophers
Grabowski, William, 177n.2
grama sod, 38
Gran Quivira Pueblo, 95, 99
Grasshopper ruin, 118
grassland; animals of the, 12, 13, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 74, 122; expansion of, 25, 26, 33, 34, 36, 39, 43; hunting in, 49, 50, 53, 68, 130; juniper ecotone in, 12, 35, 130; shortgrass ecotone, 12, 33, 68, 130; sod destruction in, 38; woodland and, 12
gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 33, 77
gray wolf, Canis lupus, 14, 77, 88, 215
Great Basin, 34
Great Drought, the, 15, 33, 179-80n.2
Great Plains, 33
ground squirrels, 56; golden-mantled (Spermophilus lateralis), 13; Richardson’s (Spermophilus richardsoni), 13, 33, 40, 180n.3; rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus), 10, 27, 43; spotted (Spermophilus spilosoma), 10, 12, 19, 27, 35, 39, 40; thirteen-lined (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), 19
grouse. See blue grouse
Guernsey, Samuel James, 271
Guilday, John E., Paul W. Parmalee, and Donald P. Tanner, 78
Gulf of California, 10, 111, 133, 228, 242, 244, 245
Gulf of Mexico, 228, 245
Haag, William G., 88, 89
habitat, 9, 22; aquatic, 33, 34, 37; of lagomorphs, 29; and animal species, 10-14
Haliotus cracherodii, 227, 228, 236, 236
Hall, Edward T., Jr., 90
Hall, Eugene R., and Keith R. Kelson, 32, 36
hares and rabbits, 43, 46. See also cottontail rabbits; jackrabbits; lagomorphs
Hargrave, Lyndon L., 18, 100, 116, 117, 118
Harris, Arthur H., 20, 32, 98, 100, 113, 189
Haury, Emil W., 245, 267, 271, 284
Hawikuh pueblo, 205, 223, 245
hawks, 74, 131; sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus), 33; sparrow (Falco sparverius), 60, 72; Swainson’s (Buteo swainsoni), 63
Heller, Maurice M., 92
Henderson, Junius, and John P. Harrington, 27
Hendron, J. W., 100
Hewett, Edgar Lee, 260, 267, 270
hides, 46, 263; burial specimens of, 271, 273-79, 281-84
hide-processing tools, 187, 212-12, 22-; awls used as, 193; type T, 192, 213
Hodge, Frederick W., 205, 208, 212
Hohokam culture, 243, 244, 245, 267
Honea, Kenneth H., 98, 100
hoofed mammals. See artiodactyls
Hopi Indians, 89, 208, 267
horned larks, Eremophila alpestris, 59
Hough, Walter, 271
Hubbard, John P., 37
hunting; adaptive, 130; bird, 130; boundaries for, 64, 67,7 68; chronological samples for deer, 51, 128, 129; economic importance of, 8; energy expenditure and, 52, 53, 59, 130; environmental factor of, 23, 42; hoofed mammal, 48-51, 128-130; low elevational, 13; small mammal, 34, 128, 130; territory for, 9, 68, 69, 128
Hurley, William M., 271
husbandry, 132
Ictalurus punctatus, 37
insects, 177n.2
jackrabbits, 77; black-tailed (Lepus californicus), 10, 12, 27, 39; ratio to cottontail rabbits, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 126; white-tailed (Lepus townsendi), 13
Jeancon, Jean A., 100, 192, 205, 208, 260
Jelinek, Arthur J., 32
Jemez Cave, 97, 260, 270
Jemez Pueblo, 265
Jemez River, 98, 114
Jernigan, E. Wesley, 246
Jornada Mogollon culture, 95
Judd, Neil M., 90, 117
juniper, 12, 35, 68, 242
kangaroo rats, 21; bannertail (Dipodomys spectabilis), 27, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 127; compared, 35, 36; Ord’s (Dipodomys ordi), 12, 19, 29, 36
Kansas, 91
Kelley, N. Edmund, 31, 43, 104
Kelson, Keith R., 32
Kidder, Alfred Vincent, 3, 66, 100, 118, 196, 208, 209, 211, 212, 219, 228, 234, 245, 260, 270, 271; bone typology of, 187-91; chronology of, 222-24; shell typology of, 230
Kidder, Alfred V., and Samuel J. Guernsey, 90, 192
killdeer, Charadrius vociferous, 63
kivas: bird burial in, 72; ceremonial cache in, 227; dog bones in, 89; kiva 12-C-2, 219, 265; kive 12-D-3, 138, 140, 241; kiva 12-G-5, 60, 72, 219; kiva 12-J-1, 89; shells in, 241
Kuaua pueblo, 99
La Bajada Mesa, 15
lagomorphs: cottontail-jackrabbit ratio, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 126; demographic crash of, 39; human impact on, 131; hunting of, 54, 58. See also cottontail rabbits; jackrabbits
Lambert, Marjorie F., 192, 208, 212, 213, 220-22, 234, 245, 260
land clearing, 26, 33, 39, 42, 55, 122
Lang, Richard W., 20, 27, 29, 32, 35, 40, 64, 66, 68, 90-100, 113, 114, 118, 215, 244, 245
Lange, Charles H., 8, 54, 64
Largo Glaze-on-yellow pottery, 143
Largo pueblo, 99
Las Madres pueblo, 68, 99
Leaf Water site, 260
Lee, L., 14
Lepus sp. See jackrabbits
life zones: Canadian, 14; Hudsonian, 14; Lower Sonoran, 42; Transitional, 13; Upper Sonoran, 10, 12, 13, 27, 28, 35, 42, 68
Ligon, J. Stokley, 14, 63, 91, 104
Linford, Laurance D., 118
Little Colorado River, 114, 118, 133, 243, 245
Lockett, H> Claiborne, and Lyndon L. Hargrave, 271
looms, 265
loon, Gavia sp., 37
Los Aguajes pueblo, 99
Luebben, Ralph A., 90, 97, 260
Lummis, Charles F., 96
Lyman, R. Lee, 21
macaw, Ara macao, 9, 10, 115-19, 133, 244
Mackey, James, 3
Maddox, John Lee, 205
Manzano Mountains, 10, 94
Marshall, Michael P., 95, 113
Martin, Paul S., 97
McKusick, Charmion Randolph, 18, 92-101, 115-17, 271, 272
meadowlark, Sturnella sp., 59
Meleagris gallopavo. See turkeys
Mera, H. P., 114
Mesa Verde, 205
Metclaf, Arthur L., 227, 228
Mexico, 10, 91, 94, 111, 113, 117, 118, 133, 244
mice, 10, 12, 21, 25; northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), 33; silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus), 37; white-footed mouse (Peromyscuc sp.), 5, 126
Microtus sp., 126
Milich, Alicia Ronstadt, 96
Miller, R. S., 31
milling areas, 102, 106
Mimbres culture, 244
minimum number of individuals, MNI: amphibians, 145; birds, 54, 55, 63, 146-49; boney fish, 145; collection percentages of, 45-46; defined, 19-20; excavation seasons and, 5, 20; mammals, 149-53; reptiles, 145; turkeys, 87, 98-101, 107, 147
mink, Mustela vison, 34
moccasin making kit, 192, 194
Mogollon culture, 95, 97, 98, 118, 244, 267, 271; Cochise-, 92, 94
Mogollo Rim, 96
molluscs, 9, 10, 133
Morris, Earl H., 192, 205, 260, 267
Morris, Elizabeth Ann, 273
Morris, Percy A., 227
mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, 5, 9, 10, 27, 28, 43, 48, 49, 107, 128, 129; collection percentage of, 46, 48; ratio to antelope of, 50; seasonal hunting of, 51, 130, 131
musical instruments, 187, 207-9; Bitsitsi whistles, 210, 221, 223, 225; flageolets, 221, 223; sounding rasps, 209, 211, 224; type O, 207, 209; type P, 208, 210; type Q, 211; whistles, 207-8, 209-10, 220, 223
mussels, Unio sp., 227, 228, 238
Mustela sp., 34
Nassarius moestus, 227, 237, 244
Navajos, 112
necklaces: juniper seed bead, 242; shell, 226, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239
Nelson, N. C., 64, 89
Neotoma sp., 10, 33
Nogales Cliff House site, 260, 267
Nordenskiold, Gustof E. A., 205
North Bank site, 98, 100
Nucifraga Columbiana, 13
Numenius americanus, 37
nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, 13
Odocoileus sp., 5, 67. See also mule deer
Oliver, Douglas L., 25
olive shells, Olivella dama and Agaronia testecea, 227, 232
Olsen, Sandra L., 212, 213
Olsen, Stanley J., 18
Olsen, Stanley J., and John W. Olsen, 118, 33
ornaments: bone: 187, 204-7; bone pendants, 204, 205-6; bone tubes, 205, 206-7, 218, 220, 221; carapace pendant, 112; inlaid shell, 235; local manufacture of shell, 246; red pigment on, 234; shell bandoliers, 234; shell beads, 227, 232, 233, 242; shell pendants, 227, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237; type M, 205; type N, 206, 218; typology for shell, 230
Ortiz, Alfonso, 54, 218, 234, 240
owl, Asia flammeus, 35, 74, 131
Paa-ko Pueblo, 219-25, 245, 246, 260
Pacific Ocean, 228, 242, 245
Pajarito Plateau, 260, 270, 271
Palkovich, Ann M., 219, 242, 271-84
Pappogeomys castanops. See pocket gophers: yellow faced
parrot, Amazona farinose, 118
Parsons, Elsie C., 208, 209, 240, 242
pathologies in skeletons, 102, 117
Pattison, Natalie Batchelder, 260, 267
Pecos Pueblo, 3, 89, 100, 101, 118, 189, 211, 219-25, 230, 245, 246, 260, 270, 271
Pecos River Valley, 49, 68, 113
Peloncillo Mountains, 91
Perognathus sp., 37, 42
Peromyscus sp., 5, 126
Pindi Pueblo, 66, 95, 96, 99, 113, 118, 136-39, 189, 219-24, 245, 246, 260, 270
Plains Indians, 88, 192, 193, 213
plant life, 8; taxonomy for, 178n.3. See also vegetation
plazas, 102, 103, 105, 106, 115, 136, 218, 241
Pleistocene, 13, 37, 180n.3
pocket gophers, 21, 25, 29, 36, 43; Botta’s (Thomomys bottae), 10, 19, 27, 31, 36; northern (thomomys talpoides), 13, 14; yellow-faced (Pappogeomys castanops), 13, 27, 31-33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 127
pocket mice, Perognathus sp., 37, 42,
Point of Pines ruin, 118
Pojoaque-Tesuque drainage, 32
P’o’karige springs, 66
pollen, 103, 105
ponderosa pine, 13, 31, 39, 42, 57, 58
population, human; decline of, 15, 35, 38, 50, 52-55’ growth of, 15, 41; imbalance of, 23, 130; peak of, 3, 15, 41, 139; stabilization of, 38, 40; trends reviewed for, 15, 26, 43
porcupine, Erethizon dorastum, 33
Poshu site, 100
Poshuouinge site, 260
Pot Creek Pueblo, 4
Pottery Mound site, 95, 99
pottery, 95-96, 133
prairie chicken, Tympanuchus sp., 178n.4
prairie dogs, 29, 34, 35, 39, 40, 43, 63, 76, 77; collection percentage of, 46; black-tailed (Cynomys ludovicianus), 13; Gunnison’s (Cynomys gunnisoni), 10, 12, 13, 27, 54-56, 58
prayer sticks, 240, 242
precipitation; animal ranges and, 8, 13, 31, 32, 35; decreasing, 35, 36; drought, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 126, 127; historical, 26; hunting and, 52; increasing, 40; woodland averages, 10, 122
preservation, 22, 261, 262
Procyon lotor, 34
pronghorn. See antelope
provenience units, 20
Puaray Pueblo, 99
Pueblo culture: Pueblo I, 89, 98; Pueblo II, 90, 113; Pueblo III, 90, 97, 98, 114; Pueblo III-IV, 88, 99; Pueblo IV, 8, 90, 99, 100, 113, 267; Pueblo IV-V, 89, 99, 100; Pueblo V, 100
Pueblo del Encierro, 100
Pueblo Indians, 3, 8, 9, 13, 54, 59, 60, 88, 97, 117, 208, 234, 240, 245
Pueblo Pardo, 95, 99
quail, Callipepla squamata, 27, 29, 63, 74, 131
quill removal, 74
rabbit brush, 10
rabbit drive, 54
rabbits, 25, 43,. See also Cottontail rabbits; lagomorphs
raccoon, Procyon lotor, 34
raptors. See birds; raptorial
RasmussenD. Irwin, 39
rats, 25. See also kangaroo rats; wood rats
Rattlesnake Point, 98
ravens: common (Corvus corax), 72, 73, 74, 131; white necked (Corvus cryptoleucus), 27, 72, 74
raw bone count, RBC, 19
red pigment, 234, 237
Red Snake Hill site, 98, 100
Reed, Erik K., 91, 98
Reichman, Omar J., and R. J. Baker, 31, 37
Reiter, Paul, 260
reptiles, 12, 45, 111, 145
Riley, Carroll L. 245
Rio Grande, 10, 37; turtles of the, 111, 113
Rio Grande region, northern, 3, 13, 15, 35, 133; bone artifacts of the, 189, 220, 224; dogs of the, 90; fur artifacts of the, 267; gophers of the, 31, 32; macaws of the, 118, 119; shell artifacts of the, 228, 230, 243, 246; turkeys of the, 91-101, 132
Rio Grande Glaze Ware pottery, 114
Rio Pueblo, 3
Rio San Jose, 90
Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr., 90
robin, Turdis migratorius, 59
Robinson, William J., John W. Hannah, and Bruce G. Harrill, 66, 99
Robinson, William J., Bruce G. Harrill, and Richard L. Warren, 64, 67
Robinson, William J., and Richard L. Warren, 98
rock squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus, 10, 27, 43
Russell, Robert J., 31
Salado settlements, 95
Saltbush Pueblo, 99
Salt River, 118, 133, 243
samples, faunal: bias in, 8; condition of, 22, 260-61; sequesnce of, 14-18; sample 1, 15, 26-33, 48, 49, 106, 107, 135, 136; sample 2, 15, 32, 33-35, 48-50, 55, 107, 136, 137, 138; sample 3, 15, 35-38, 49, 50, 55, 61, 72, 107, 114, 138, 139; sample 4, 15, 37, 38-40, 50, 55, 63, 107; sample 5, 5, 15, 39, 50, 55, 57, 63, 72, 107, 141; sample 6, 15, 40, 50, 55, 58, 107, 141; sample 7, 15, 41, 50, 55, 58, 63, 107, 109, 114, 142; sample 8, 18, 42, 50, 55, 58, 63, 109, 114, 143
San Cristobal Pueblo, 89
San Diego, 243
Sandia Mountains, 219
Sange de Christo Mountains, 10, 14, 25, 51, 67
San Juan Basin, 97
San Juan River, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 98, 113
San Marcos pueblo, 68, 99
Santa Fe, 3, 37, 66; suirreld near, 27, 34, 35, 54; turkeys and, 95, 96, 100
Santa Fe Black-on-white pottery, 227
Santa Fe Plain, 68
Santa Fe River, 37, 49, 64, 67, 99, 113, 220
Santo Domingo Pueblo, 50
Sapawe site, 90
Sauer, Carl, and Donald P. Brand, 244
Schaafsma, Polly, 95
Schoenwetter, James, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., 13, 33
Schorger, Arlie Williams, 91, 101, 104
Schoeder, Albert H., 9, 96, 101
Schroeder, Albert H., and Dan S. Matson, 101
Schwartz, Douglas W., and R. W. Lang 29-31
Sciurus aberti, 13, 31, 57, 58
settlement abandonment, 18, 22, 26, 35, 37, 42, 43, 52, 106, 126, 127, 140; contemporaneous, 3, 64-68, 99; declining, 35, 38, 126, 127; expanding, 33, 122, 136-38; fire at the, 53; initial, 26-31, 122, 136; last date for, 143; reoccupation, 40, 63, 127; review of, 26; Rio Grande regional, 3-4; summary correlations with, 123-25. See also chronology; Component I; Component II
shell: abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), 227, 228, 235, 236; ark (Arac sp.), 227, 228, 236; burials with, 242, 262; dog whelk (Nassarius moetus), 227, 237, 244; Glycymeris, 246; mollusk, 9, 10; mussel (Unio sp.), 227, 228, 238; olive (Agaronia testacea and Olivella dama), 227, 232; processing of, 244; proveniences for artifacts of, 238-42, species of, 227, 245; turret (Turritella sp.), 227, 237; trade in, 242-46; typology for artifacts of 230-31
shrubland, 33, 43. See also brushland
Shultz, Philip, 272
Sialia sp., 59
Sierra Madre Occidental, 91
Sigleo, Anne Colberg, 90
skinning, 9; of artiodactyls, 78, 80; of birds, 71, 72, 74, 131; of medium sized mammals, 77; of small mammals, 74-76
Smiley, Terah L., Stanley A. Stubbs, and Bryant Bannister, 67
Snow, Cordelia, 37
Snow, David H., 20, 99, 100
Snyder, Walt, 51
Socorro, 92, 94, 95, 134
soil, 8, 29, 36, 38, 43
Southwest, the, 8; bone whistles in, 207; dogs in, 88, 89; fur and feather use in, 271; macaws in, 115, 117; shell use in, 243, 244, 246; turkeys of, 91, 92, 94; turtles in, 113
Spaniards, 96, 97, 100, 101, 219, 245
Spermophilus sp. See ground squirrels
spruce, Engelmann, 31
Sprucetree House ruins, 205
squirrels, 25, 27, 42, 63, 76; Abert’s (Sciurus aberti), 13, 31, 57, 58; collection percentage of, 46; red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 14, 26, 57, 58, 67; tree, 57-59. See also ground squirrels; prairie dogs
Stacy, Harold G., 27
Stephen, Alexander M., 89
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 208
Stewart, Francis L., and Peter W. Stahl, 21
stone-knapping tools, 187, 212, 220; type R, 212; type S, 212
stratigraphy, 20, 32, 41
steam aggradation, 32, 122
Stubbs, Stanley A., and W. S. Stallings, Jr., 32, 66, 95, 99, 113, 118, 212, 220, 228, 234, 245, 260, 270
Sturnella sp., 59
Sweeney, Raymond, 92
Sylvilagus sp. See cottontail rabbits
Tabira pueblo, 95, 99
Tamaulipas, 117
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. See squirrels: red
Taos, 4, 90, 92, 97, 98, 101
Taxidea taxus, 33
taxonomy, 18, 178n.3
Te’ewi site, 260
temperature, 8, 13, 35, 36, 104
Terrapene ornate, 35, 112, 113
Tesuque River, 100
Tewa Indians, 3, 234, 240
Texas, 31, 113
textiles: of feather cord, 255, 265, 267-84; of fur cord, 255, 265-67, 274, 280, 284
Thomomys sp. See pocket gophers: Botta’s; pocket gophers: northern
Thompson’s Peak, 67
Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta pottery, 95, 96
tinklers, 234
Tompiro pueblos, 94, 95, 97, 119
tools: flakers, 212, 222; hide-processing tools, 187, 213, 220; medicinal, 205; stone-knapping, 187, 212, 220; tool preforms, 194. See also awls
Tower, Donald B., 227, 243
trade, 9, 62, 96, 133, 242, 244
trapping, 54, 56
Tse-ta’a site, 89
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 31, 36
Tucson, 95
Tularosa Cave, 94
Turdis migratorius, 59
turkeys, 5, 74, 105, 131; availability of, 109; collection percentages of, 46, 128; domestic, 92, 96-99; herding of, 105, 109; husbandry of, 9, 97, 101, 104, 130, 132, 220; Merriam’s (Meleagris gallopavo merriami), 13, 91-93, 96, 104; MNI for, 59, 87, 90; southwestern, 91; Tualrosa (Meleagris gallopavo Tularosa), 10, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 133, 134; turkey calls, 205, 208; turkey feather textiles, 269, 270; turkey pens, 99, 101-5
turkey vulture, Cathartes aura, 60, 72
turquoise, 117, 235
Turritella sp., 227, 237
turtles, 9, 10, 111, 133; painted (Chrysemys picta), 111, 112-13, 114, 133; western box (Terrapene ornate), 35, 112, 113
Tyler Hamilton A., 59, 60, 90, 117
Tympanuchus sp., 178n.4
Unio sp., 227, 228, 238
University of Texas, 189, 227
Unshagi pueblo, 260
Upper Arroyo Hondo pueblo, 64, 67
Urocyn cinereoargenteus, 33, 77
Ursus arctos, 14
vegetation: clues to initial, 26-31; rabbit ratio and, 29; review and reconstruction of, 10, 42; riparian, 10, 35; succession of, 42; taxonomy for, 178n.3; zones for, 11; See also life zones
Venn, Tamsin, 9, 111, 118, 227
Ventana Cave, 284
Villagra, Gaspar Perez de, 101
Vogel, Virgil, 205
vole, Micotis sp., 126
Vorhies, Charles T., and Walter P. Taylor, 39
Vulpes vulpes, 14
Walnut Canyon, 93
Warren, A. Helene, 114
water, impounded, 34, 37, 122; water birds and, 64
weasel, Mustela frenata, 34
weaving methods, 265, 271
weeds, 33, 34, 38, 43
Wheeler, Richard P., 208, 212, 213
Wheelwright Museum, 192, 193
White, Leslie A., 54
White Mountain Red Ware pottery, 118, 245
White, Theodore E., 21
Whitmore, Jane, 66
Winmberly, Mark, and Peter Eidenbach, 78
wing fans, 60, 71, 74, 131
Wissler, Clark, 192
wolf, Canis lupus, 14, 77, 88, 215
Woodchuck Cave, 271
woodland, 25, 122; animals of, 10-12, 14, 19, 26-27, 33, 38; dense and open, 27, 28, 38, 41; grass in, 12, 32; huting in, 49, 64’ pinyon-juniper, 10, 26, 64; rabbits in, 29; regrowth of, 41, 43; transformation of 43; transition into forest, 13, 26; transition into shortgrass, 12; understory, 29
wood rats, Neotoma sp., 10, 33
Woodward, Arthur, 244
Woosley, Anne I., 4
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 34
Youngman, P. N., 31
Yunque site, 100
Zarate Salmeron, 96
Zenaida macroura, 33
Zuni Indians, 208, 242, 243, 245
Food, Diet, and Population at Prehistoric Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
Abandonment. See Migration
Acorns, 28-29; effect on, 100
Agriculture: advent of, effect on diet and health, 5; yield estimates of, 46-55. See also Cultivars
Agropyron smithii, 190
Allium cernum, 29
Amaranth, 12, 18-19; pollen from, 199-201; protein content of, 119
American coot, 96
Animal foods: availability of, 6, 30-32, 41-42, 67; birds, 32, 78-81, 100, 108, 146; in children’s diets, 118; decline of, with drought, 98, 107-108; mule deer, 72-78; pronghorn antelope, 81-83; rabbits and hares, 67-72; turkeys, 78-71; under famine conditions, 100, 145-147
Antelope, pronghorn, 31, 41-42; caloric value of, 83; effect of drought on, 98; locations of, 81-82; population of, 81-83
Antilocapra Americana. See Antelope, pronghorn
Aquatic species, 96
Architecture, 6, 42-44
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: abandonment of, during drought, 104, 138, 141-143; location characteristics of, 6, 33-35; occupational dates of, 6; physical structure of, 6, 42-44; ruins of 42-44; territory of, 35-38
Artifacts from burial pits, 251-255
Banana yucca, 12, 27; drought resistance of, 100; location of, 40; yield estimates of, 64
Bark sheets and strips, 252-253
Basketyr, 254-255
Beans, 11, 17-18, 34; land use for planting of, 54-55; protein content of, 116, 118, 119; yield estimates of, 51-55; yield estimates of, during drought, 106
Bears, 32
Beeweed, 12, 21-22; pollen from, 201-202, 239-240
Berries, 28, 29
Birds: as food, 32; small, as famine food, 100, 146; turkeys, 32, 78-81, 108, 220
Birth rates, 139-141
Bouteloua gracilis, 190
Buckwheat, pollen from, 205-207, 241
Bulrushes, 100
Burials, 147-151; artifacts from, 251-255
Cactus: banana yucca. 12, 27, 40, 63, 100; caloric value of, 61-63; cholla, 26-27, 99, 190, 210-214, 242-243; drought resistance of, 99, 106; fruits from, 25-27, 99; hedgehog, 12, 25, 99; locations of, 40; pincushion, 25-26, 99, 209, 242; prickly pear, 26, 61-63, 99, 106, 190, 214-215, 242-243; yield estimates of, 60-63
Calories: from antelope, 83; from cactus, 61-63; content of in foods, 49-50, 171-173; from corn, 49-50, 84-86; from deer, 77, 78; from grasses, 66; human requirements of, 161-164; from pinyon nuts, 64-65; from plant foods, 49-50, 60, 61-63; 84-86; from rabbits, 70-72; shortage of, in children, 119-120
Cattails, 29, 190; pollen from, 215-217, 243
Ceremony. See Social organization
Cheno-ams, 19; high samples of, from alien annuals, 191, 197; pollen from, 197, 199-201, 219, 239
Chenopods, 12, 16, 18-19; pollen from, 199-201, protein content of, 119
Children: calorie shortage in, 119-120; chronic underfeeding of, 125; demographic effects of deaths of, 126-137; diet of, 115-123; effects of varying food resources on, 9, 10; long-term effects of PCM in, 122-123; mortality rates of, 9, 10, 115
Chie, 15, 24
Chimaha, 29
Chokecherry, 28, 100
Cholla cactus, 26-27; at Arroyo Hondo today, 190; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 210-214, 242-243
Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 190
Cleome serrulata, 12, 21-22; pollen from, 201-202, 239-240
Climate: contemporary, 88-89; field and laboratory methods of reconstructing from pollen, 192-196; health and demographic impact of, 155; prehistoric, 6, 35,,, 87-90; as reconstructed from pollen samples, 188-189; temperature, 90-92
Cloth, 253-254
Collecting of plants, 40-41; for lean times, 94, 99-100
Confidence interval, 249-250
Coot, 96
Corn, 11, 15-17, 34; caloric values of harvests of, 49-50, 84-86; chapolote-derived, 16, 46-47; decline of harvests of during drought, 97, 988-99,105-106; land used for planting of, 50-51; minimum yield of, before abandonment of village, 108-019; pollen from, 217-218, 243-244; protein content of, 116; yield estimates of, 46-51, 84-86
Cottontail rabbit: caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 108; population of, 31, 69-70
Cottonwood: bark of, in burial pits, 253; buds, 29
Coyotes, 32
Cryptogams, 248; loss of, 191-192
Cucurbita pepo, 11-12, 18; pollen from, 202-204; yield estimates of 51-52
Cutivars: beans, 11, 17-18, 34, 51-55, 106, 116, 118, 119; pumpkins, 18; squash, 11-12, 18, 51-52, 202-204; yield estimates of, 46-55, 84-86. See also Corn
Curlew, long-billed, 96
Currants, 29, 100
Cycloloma atriplicifolia, 21
Cylindropuntia, 26-27; at Arroyo Hondo today, 190; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 210-214, 242, 243
Cymopterus purpureus, 29
Cyprus esculentus, 100, 190
Datura, 204, 240-241
Death rates. See Mortality rates
Demographic effects of children’s death, 126-137; in growing populations, 133-134; implications of, 138-141; time range of, 138
Demography, impact of food on, 8, 9-10
Dental abnormalities, 122
Descutrania pinnata, 29
Diet, 11ff; change in composition of, 111; death related to, 8-9, 152; deterioration of, with advent of agriculture, 5; difference in among individuals, 110-111; diseases caused by, 121-122; during famine, 100, 112, 114; during lean times, 111-113; meat in, 30-32, 41-42, 67-83; protein in, 112-113, 115; of young children, 115-123; weight loss due to, 113-114. See also Animal foods and Food base
Disease, 121-122
Drought: abandonment of pueblo during, 104, 138, 141-143; community-wide responses to, 100-103; decreases in population through, 105; demographic effects of, 126-143, 154-160; effects of, on animals, 98, 107-108; effects of, on children, 125-126, 134; effects of, on plants, 97-98; major, 95-98; minor, 95; regional approaches to, 103-104, responses to, 92-93, 98-100
Echinocereus triglochidiatus, 12, 25, 99
Emigration. See Migration
Energy; calorie content of foods, 171-173; human requirements for, 161-164. See also Calories
Entomophilous species, 196
Eriogonum, 205-207, 241
Ethnobotanical pollen, 196-198; from beeweed, 201-202, 239-240; from buckwheat, 205-207, 239-241; from cattails, 215-217, 243; from cheno-ams, 199-201, 239; from cholla cactus, 210-214, 242-243; from corn, 217-218, 243-244; from jimsonweed, 204,240-241; from Opuntia, 242-243; from pincushion cactus, 209, 242; from prickly pear cactus, 214-215, 242-243; from squash, 202-204, 240; from sunflowers, 207-209, 241-242; from turkey dung, 220; from basins, 218-220; from unidentified sources, 244-246
Ethnographic information, 13-14
Eurotia lanata, 191
Family: average size of, 43; changes in, as cause to abandon residence units, 44; migration of, after drought, 142; nuclear vs. extended, 44
Famine: internal management of, 100-103; psychological effects of, 102-103, 114; physiological effects of, 113-114
Famine foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-146
Farmers, nutritional stress in, 5
Farming: amount of land for, 35-36, 42; or corn, caloric values from, 49-50; fields for, lying fallow, 58-59; growing season for, 92; land, amount used for, 52-54; land available for, during drought, 105; new methods of, caused by population dips, 159; types of land for, 38-39; yield estimates from, 46-55; yield estimates from, during drought, 95, 97
Fat, 86
Fauna. See Animal foods
Fertility: effects of malnutrition on, 114-115; rates of, 137-138
Fiber cloth and strands, 252, 253-254
Fields: fallow, weeds from, during drought, 106-107; number of lying fallow, 58-59
Floral remains. See Plant remains and Food base
Food base, 6, 10; of animals, 30-32, 67-83; corn as, caloric values od, 49-50; famine foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-145; human responses to, 7; during major drought, 95-100; during minor drought, 93-95; mule deer as, 72-78; plants as, 11-29, 49-60; pronghorn antelope as, 81-83; rabbits and hares as, 67-72; trading of, during droughts, 103-104; turkeys as, 78-81; weedy annuals as, yield estimates of, 55-60; wild, sources as, 84; yield estimates of, 46-86
Food production, shift to, from food collection, 5
Food shortages: archeological evidence of, 144-155; community-wide responses to, 100-103; faunal evidence of, 145-147; major, 95-98, 114; malnutrition during, 120-121; minor, during early Pueblo period, 93-95; regional approaches to, 103-104; responses to, 92-93, 98-100; weight loss due to, 113-114
Food stress. See Food shortages
Food supply, redistribution of, among community, 110-111
Forage range, 40, 42
Foxes, 32
Fruits: from cactus, 25-27; from cactus during drought, 99; from tress, 27-29
Fulica americana, 96
Game: changing population of, 67-83; depletion of, 98; effects of, on indigenous vegetation, 34, 45; quantity available during drought years, 107-108; quantity of near Arroyo Hondo, 6, 30-32, 41-42, 67; used for starvation food, 100, 145-147. See also Animal foods
Gathering, 40-41, 42
Gavia, 96
Goosefoot, 18-19; effects of overgrazing on, 191
Gophers, 32, 108
Grains, See Seeds
Grama grass, 190
Grasses, wild, 24-25; cool-season, rarity of, 190-191; grama, in Arroyo Hondo today, 190; Indian rice grass, 12, 40, 65-66; mutton grass, 190; needle-and-thread, 191; squirreltail, 191; as starvation food, 144; wheatgrass, 190; yield estimates of, during drought, 98, 100
Grazing, effects of on vegetation, 34, 35, 190-192
Ground cherry, 12, 23-24
Growing season, 92
Hares, 31; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70
Health, deterioration of with advent of agriculture, 5
Hedgehog cactus, 12, 25; drought resistance of, 99
Helianthus, 12, 22-23; effect of overgrazing on, 191; pollen from, 207-209, 241-242
Hunter-gatherers, nutritional stress in, 5
Hunting: characteristics of, during drought, 98, 107-108, 145-147; impact of changing animal population on, 66-67; of mule deer, 74-78, 145; of pronghorn antelope, 82-83’ of rabbits, 69-70, 72; territory for, 41-42; of turkeys, 78-81
Immigrants, increase in population from, 44, 137, 142
Indian rice grass, 12, 24-25; caloric value of, 66; locations of, 40, 65-66; present rarity of, 190; yield estimates of, 65-66
Insect pollination, 196
Jackrabbits, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; population of, 67-70
Jimsonweed, pollen from, 204, 240-241
Juncus saximontanus, 100
Juniper, 28, 190; increased density of from overgrazing, 192
Juniperus monosperma, 28, 190
Kochia scoparia, 191
Lagomorphs, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of, in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70
Lamb’s-quarters, 18-19
Lepus californicus texianus, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70
Long-billed curlew, 96
Loon, 96
Lycium pallidum, 29
Macrofloral materials, See Plant foods
Maize. See Corn
Mammals. See Animal foods
Mammilaria, 12, 25-26
Marriage, 158
Meat. See Animal foods
Mentzelia albicaulis, 29
Mice, 31; as famine food, 100
Microfossil, plant, 246-247
Migration, 138; during drought, 104, 138, 141-143; effects of, 141-143
Mortality rates, 132-133, 138, 143, 151; of children, 9, 115, 125, 126, 143, 147, 155; of elderly, 8, 114
Mule deer, 30-31; caloric value of, 77, 78; effects of drought on, 98, 108, 145; hunting of, 74-78, 145; location of, 72; population of, 72-78
Mustard, tansy, 29
Mutton grass, 190
Needle-and-thread, 191
Neolithic period, population increases during, 5
Numenius americanus, 96
Nutrients: decrease in, during lean times, 112, 114; human needs of, 7-8. See also Stress, nutritional
Nutrition: biochemical and physiological aspects of, 7; cultural and ecological factors of, 8; disease caused by under-, 121-122; human requirements of, 7-8; inadequate, 114; inadequate for children, 116-123; societal factors of, 8. See also Stress, nutritional
Nutritional stress, See Stress, nutritional
Nuts, 27-29; acorns, 28-29, 100; pinyon, 12, 27-28, 40, 63-65, 100
Oak, 28
Odocoileus hemionus. See Mule deer
One-seeded juniper, 28, 190
Onion, wild, 29
Opuntia. See Prickly pear cactus
Oryzopsis hymenoides, 12, 24-25; caloric value of, 66; locations of, 40, 65-66; present rarity of, 190; yield estimates of, 65-66
PCM. See Protein-calorie malnutrition
Phaseolus vulgaris, 11, 17-18, 34; land used for planting of, 54-55; protein content of, 116, 118, 119; yield estimates of, 51-55; yield estimates during drought, 106
Physalis, 12, 23-34
Pigweed, 18-19; winged variety of, 21
Pincushion cactus, 25-26; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 209, 242
Pinus edulis, 12, 27, 28; bark of, in burial pits, 253; increased density of from overgrazing, 192; location of, 40
Pinus ponderosa, 190; bark of, in burial pits, 253
Pinyon nuts, 12, 27-28; caloric value of, 64-65; drought resistance of, 100; locations of, 40; yield estimates of, 63-65
Pinyon pine, 12, 27, 28; bark of, in burial pits; 253; increased density of, from overgrazing, 192; location of, 40
Plant collecting, 40-41; forage range, 40, 42
Plant foods: archeological remains of, 13-15, 175-183; caloric values of, 49-50, 60, 61-63, 84-86; fruits, wild, 25-29, 99; miscellaneous, 29; weedy annuals, 11-12, 18-24, 40, 55-60, 97-98, 191; wild, 11-12, 18-29, 40, 59, 60; wild grasses, 24-25, 40, 65-66, 98, 100, 144, 190. See also Cultivars
Plant microfossil, 246-247
Plant remains, archeological, 13-15, 175-183. See also Plant foods
Plants, wild, 11-12, 18-29; caloric values of, 60; locations of, 40, 59
Poa fendleriana, 190
Pollen: as analytical tool, 13, 188ff; from beeweed, 201-202, 239-240; from buckwheat, 205-207; from cactus, 25, 26-27; from cattails, 215-217, 243; from cheno-ams, 19, 199-201, 239; from cholla cactus, 210-214, 242-243; from Cleome, 22; from corn, 16, 217-218, 243-244; field and laboratory methods of reconstructing climate from, 192-196; from jimsonweed, 204, 240-241; from Opuntia, 242-243; from pincushion cactus, 209, 242; from prickly pear cactus, 214-215, 242-243; from squash, 202-204, 240; from sunflowers, 23, 207-209, 241-242; transportation modes of, 196-198; from turkey dung, 220; from unidentified sources, 244-246
Ponderosa pine, 190; bark of, in burial pits, 253
Population: balance between food supply and, 6-10, 108-110; of Component I, 46; demographic characteristics of as seen through burials, 147-151; demographic effects on after deaths in children, 126-133, 134-138; demographic effects on after deaths of children , and with a growing population, 133-134; dips, archeological evidence for, 153-160; effect of drought on, 105, 154-150; effect of one-year drought on, 134; estimated from number of rooms, 43-46; family size, 43; fluctuations in, 154-160; increase of through immigrants, 44; increases in after shift to food production, 5; as influence on amount of land and resources used, 42, 49-51
Populus, 29
Portulaca retusa, 12, 16, 19-21, 97
Potherbs, 19
Prairie dogs, 31, 145-146
Precipitation: contemporary, 88-89; effect on weedy annuals, 60; influence on bean farming, 52; influence on corn farming, 48, 51; prehistoric, 6, 88, 89-90, 93. See also Drought
Prickly pear cactus, 26; today, 190; caloric value of, 61-62; drought resistance of, 99, 106; pollen from 214-215, 242-243; yield estimates of, 61-63
Pronghorn antelope, 31, 41-42; caloric value of, 83; effect of drought on, 98; location of, 81-82; population of, 81-83
Protein, in children’s diets, 115-120; content of in seeds, 118; in diet, 112-113, 115; long-term effects of inadequate, 122-123; requirements, 165-169
Protein-calorie malnutrition, 9, 156; in children, 119-123; mortality rates from, 125; as seen in skeletal remains, 151-153
Prunus virginiana, 28, 100
Pumpkin, 18
Purslane, 12, 16, 19-21, 97
Quercus, 28-29; effect of drought on, 100
Rabbit brush, 190
Rabbits, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of, in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70
Raiding, 104
Rainfall. See precipitation
Rats, 31; as famine food, 100
Reptiles, as famine food, 100
Rhus trilobata, 29
Ribes, 29, 100
Rocky Mountain bee plant, 21-22
Rushes, 100
Russian thistle, 191
Salix, 190
Salsola kali, 191
Scirpus olneyi, 100
Seasonings: acorn meal, 29; amaranth, 19; chenopod, 19; chile, 15; ground cherry, 24; juniper berry, 28; wild onion, 29
Sedges, 100, 190
Seeds: from cactus, 25-27; from chenopods and amaranth, 18-19, 201; from Indian rice grass, 25; protein content of, 118; from purslane, 19-21; from Rocky Mountain bee plant, 21-22; from sunflowers, 22-23; from tansy mustard, 29; from trees, 27-29; from wild plants, 12; from winged-pigweed, 21; yield estimates of 55-60; yield estimates of during drought, 106-107
Sitanion hystrix, 191
Skeletal indicators of nutritional stress, 151-153, 155
Skunkweed, 21-22
Social organization, 157-160
Soil: 34; for corn growing, 48; formations of, 38-39; loss of fertility of during drought, 97
Spores, 247-248
Squash, 11-12, 18; pollen from, 202-204; yield estimates of, 51-52
Squaw bush, 29
Squirrels, 31, 146
Squirreltail, 191
Starvation foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-146
Stickleaf, 29
Stipa comata, 191
Stockpiling, 92, 93-94
Stress, nutritional: community-wide responses to, 100-103; of farmers vs. hunter-gatherers, 5; induced by climatic factors, 93-94; major, 95-98; minor, 94-95; regional approaches to, 103-104; responses to, 92-93, 98-100; skeletal indicators of, 151-153, 155
Summer cypress, 191
Sunflowers, 12, 22-23; effects of overgrazing on, 191; pollen from, 207-209, 241-242
Sweetening agent, yucca as, 27
Sylvilagus: caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 108; population of, 31, 69-70
Tansy mustard, 29
Temperature, See Climate
Trading of food during droughts, 103-104
Tumbleweed, 191
Turkeys, 32; hunting of in lean times, 108; location of, 78; pollen from dung of, 220; population of, 78-81
Twine, 251-252
Typha latifolia, 29, 190; pollen from, 215-217, 243
Vegetation: today, 188-192; effects of grazing on, 34, 35, 190-192; prehistoric, 6, 87, 189-190; as reconstructed from pollen samples, 197ff. See also Plant foods
Warfare, 104
Water: for irrigation, 38-39, 48; sources at Arroyo Hondo, 6, 33-34
Weapons, 104
Weedy annuals, 11-12, 18-24; caloric values of, 60; effects of overgrazing on, 191; locations of, 40, 59; yield estimates of, 55-60; yield estimates of during drought, 97-98
Wheatgrass, 190
Wild grasses, 24-25; cool season, rarity of, 190-191; grama, today 190; Indian rice grass, 12, 40, 65-66, 190; mutton grass, 190; needle-and-thread, 191; squirreltail, 191; as starvation food, 144; wheatgrass, 190; yield estimates of during drought, 98, 100
Wild onion, 29
Wild plants, 11-12, 18-29; caloric value of, 60; locations of, 40, 59; yield estimates of, during drought, 98, 100, 106-107; yield estimates of prickly pear and banana yucca cactus, 60-63; yield estimates of weedy annuals, 55-60
Willow, 190
Wind pollination, 196-198
Winged pigweed, 21
Winterfat, 191
Wolf berries, 29
Wooden artifacts, 255
Yucca baccata, 12, 27; drought resistance of, 100; location of, 40; yield estimates of, 63
Zea mays, See Corn.
The Architecture of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
Acoma Pueblo, 150
Adams, E. Charles, 117, 149, 152
Archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40
Arroyo Hondo project, xi, xiii, xiv
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: archaeomagnetic dates from, 139-140; architectural data from, 166-211; architectural sample from, 10; ceramics from, 4-6; chronology of, 4-6; Component I construction at, 12-39; Component II construction at, 40-56; domestic activities at, 150-51; environment of, 12, 2; excavation and recording methods at, 6, 7-10; growth of, xii-xiii, 140-48; history of research at, 6-10; kivas at, 88-109; plazas at 57-87; population of, 152-154; provenience notation for, 155; residence units at, 121-30, 131-33, 151; room function at, 110-21, 130-31; spring at, 1, 5; trade at, xii, 154; tree-ring dates from, 156-65
Broken K Pueblo, 117, 120, 121
Burials and human remains: in kiva, 94-95; in plazas, 76, 80, 87; in room floors, 32, 50
Ceramics, 4-6: in living vs. storage rooms, 120; in subfloor kica cists, 94, 103; Tesuque Smeaerd-Indentd jar as paho house, 94; Wiyo Black-on-white jar in sipapu, 103, 108
Ceremonial rooms, See under Room types
Chaco Canyon, room platforms, 52
Check dam, 87
Chronology, 4-6. See also Archaeomagnetic dates; Tree-ring dates
Cieneguilla (site), 10
Cists: in kivas, 90, 94, 103; in rooms, 31-32, 33, 50, 51
Component I, 12, 38-39; archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40; architectural data, 166-191; burials, 32; burned areas, 30-31; ceiling entries, 24, 27; ceramics, 120; ceremonial rooms, 113-114, 117, 119, 120-21, 131, 151-52; cists, 31-32, 33; compared with Component II, 55-56; construction methods, 13-24, 148, 149-50; date of, 2, 4; doorways, 22, 24, 25-26; excavated sample, 9; floor construction, 22, 23-24; growth, 140-47; hearths, 26-30; jacal room, 38; kivas, 88-103, 104-6, 151; ladder impressions, 25-26, 27; layout and design, 12-13; living rooms, 112-14, 120-21, 128, 131, 133; pit room, 37-38; plaza orientation, 12-13; population, 152-53; post holes, 32-33, 34; religious storage room, 113-14; residence units, 123-28, 132; roof construction, 18-21; rooftop work areas, 113-14, 119, 131; room stratigraphy, 13, 15, 16; shelves, 34-35, 37; storage rooms, 112, 113-14, 120-21, 131, 133; tree-ring dates, 134-38, 140, 145, 146, 147; tree species selection, 138-39; ventilators, 33-34, 35, 36; wall finger impressions, 17-18, 20; wall footings, 13-14; wall niches, 34, 37; wall pegs, 35-36; wall plaster, 17, 36; walls, adobe, 15-17, 18, 19; walls, masonry, 14-15, 17, 18
Component II, 40: archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40; architectural data, 191-207; burials, 50; burned areas, 50; burned rooms, 41, 53-55, 148; ceiling entries, 47, 49; cists, 50, 51; compared with Component I, 55-56; construction methods, 41-53, 148, 149-50; date of, 4, 40, 54-55; doorways, 45, 47; excavated sample, 9; floor construction, 44-45; growth, 147-48; hanging pole, 52; hearths, 48-50; kivas, 106-7, 108, 151; ladder impressions, 48, 49; layout and design, 40; living rooms, 115-16, 117, 118, 120-21, 131, 133; mealing bins, 53, 54; population, 153; post holes, 50, 51; racks, 52, 53; residence units, 125-26, 128-30, 132, 133; reuse of Component I rooms, 42; roof construction, 42, 44, 46, 55; rooftop work areas, 115-16, 119, 131; room size, 41-42, 120-121; room stratigraphy, 40, 43; shelf, 52, 53; site preparation, 41; storage rooms, 112, 115-16, 120-21, 131, 133; tree-ring dates, 134-38, 140, 145, 146, 147; tree species selection, 138-39; ventilators, 134, 136-38, 147; tree species selection, 138-139; ventilators, 50-51, 52; wall footings, 13-14, 41-42, 44, 45; walls, adobe, 42; wood depletion, 150
Dean, Jeffrey S., 132
Doorways, 22, 24, 25-26, 45, 47; blocked, 22, 27, 47
Dozier, Edward P., 117
Ellis, Florence H., 104
Features. See Plaza features; Room floor features
Firepits or ovens, 73, 75, 77, 85. See also Hearths
Floors: burned areas on, 30-31, 50; construction of, 22, 23-24, 44-45, 46; post holes in, 32-33, 34, 50, 51; racks on, 52, 53. See also Cists; Hearths; Room floor features
Floor drum, 94, 100, 104
Gateways, 68-69, 72, 80
Habicht-Mauche, Judith A., 154
Hearths: in kivas, 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108; in living rooms, 26-30, 48-50, 150. See also Firepits or ovens
Hopi, wall footings, 42. See also Walpi
Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind, 121
Katsina cult, and plaza layout, 13, 57, 149, 152
Kiva (Component II), 106-7, 108, 151; attributes of, 89; construction techniques of, 97, 99; hearth complex in, 102, 106, 108; jar in, 103, 108; loom holes in, 102, 106; sipapu in, 103, 106, 108; ventilator in, 102-3, 106
Kivas (Component I), 88-103, 104-6, 151; attributes of, 89; construction techniques of, 91-92, 100-101; foot drum, 94, 100, 104; hearth complexes in, 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 104; human remains in, 94-95; loom holes in, 92, 94; paho house in, 90, 92, 93, 94; painted plaster in, 91; pot in subfloor cist in, 90, 94, 103; sipapus (floor holes) in, 90, 92, 94; ventilators in, 90, 91, 92, 93-94, 101, 102; wall niches in, 90, 92, 94, 105
Kivas (general), 88, 104-5, 111-12
Kuaua (site), 16
Ladders, 25-26, 27, 48, 49
Loom holes, 92, 94, 102, 106
Mealing bins or areas: in plazas, 70, 73, 82, 85, 86; in rooms, 53, 54, 151
Nelson, Nels C., 6, 7, 10
Ortiz, Alfonso, 103, 104-5
Pa’ako (site), 18, 117, 122, 150
Paho houses, 90, 92, 93, 94
Pindi (site), 11: buried vessels in kivas at, 86; ceiling entries at, 24; ceremonial rooms at, 117; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30; kivas at, 105-6; layout and design of, 12; roof height at, 19; room size at, 18, 122; shelves at, 34, turkey pens at, 71; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 13, 14; wall niches at, 34; wall pegs at, 36; wall plaster at, 17, 36; walls, adobe, at, 16
Plaza features, 61, 64-76, 80-87; burials, 76, 87; burned wall areas, 75, 85; firepits or ovens, 66, 73, 75, 77, 85; gateways, 68-69, 72, 80; masonry walls and terraces, 72-73; mealing bins or areas, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 81, 82, 85, 86; pits, unfired, 75, 76, 85-86; portales, 71-72, 85; post enclosures, 86; rubble masonry rooms, 75-76; turkey pens, 64-65, 69, 70-71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85; windbreaks or dividers, 64, 71, 72; winnowing basins, 61, 71, 73, 76, 85
Plazas, 57; Component I, 57, 58-68, 69, 70, 71; Component II, 57, 76-87; development of, 87; domestic activities in, 151; katsina cult and, 13, 57, 149, 152; stratigraphy of, 57-58, 77-78, 80. See also Plaza features
Population, 152-54
Portales, 71-72, 85
Poshi (site), 11; cists at, 32; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30; layout and design of, 12; post holes at, 33; roof construction at, 21; roof height at, 19; room size at, 18, 122; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 14; wall plaster at, 17, 36; walls, adobe, at, 16
Pueblo del Encierro (site), 11; floors at, 45; hearths at, 49; kivas at, 106-7; layout and design of, 40; room size at, 122; wall footings at, 14; walls, adobe, at, 16
Quarry areas, andesite, 14
Residence units: Component I, 123-28, 132; Component II, 125-26, 128-30, 132, 133; identification of, 121-22
Rio Grande Valley, northern: aggregation in, 153; prehistory of, xi-xii; population trends in, 10-11
Roof: construction, 18-21, 42, 44, 46, 55; entries, 24, 27, 47, 49; height, 18-19, latilla types, 19-20, 21, 44, 46; materials, 19, 20, 42, 44, 55
Rooftop work areas, 151; attributes of, 111, 119, 130; Component II, 113-14, 119, 131; Component II, 115-16, 119, 131
Room floor features: burials, 32, 50; burned areas, 30-31, 50; cists, 31-32, 33, 50, 51; hearths, 26-30, 48-50; ladder impressions, 25-26, 27, 48, 49; mealing bins, 53, 54; post holes, 32-33, 34, 50, 51
Rooms: burned, 13-14, 41, 53-55, 148, 154; decoration of, 36; size of, 13-14, 18, 41-42, 120-21, 130-31; stratigraphy of, 13, 15, 40, 43. See also Room floor features; Room types
Room types, 110-12; ceremonial, 11, 113-14, 117, 119, 120-21, 131, 151-52; granary, 111; jacal, 38; living, 111, 112-17, 118, 120-21, 128, 131, 133; mealing, 111; pit, 37-38; religious storage, 111, 113-14; rubble masonry, 75-76; storage, 111, 112, 113-16, 120-21, 131, 132, 133, 150. See also Kivas
Sapawe (site), 16
Shelves, 34-35, 37, 52, 53
Shrine, 103, 109
Sipapus, 90, 92, 94, 103, 106, 108
Stratigraphy: plaza, 57-58, 77-78, 80; room, 13, 15, 16, 40, 43
Te’ewi (site), 11; ceremonial room at, 117; cists at, 32; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30, 150; human remains in kiva at, 95; kivas at, 105; layout and design, 12; post holes at, 33; roof construction at, 21; room size at, 18, 122; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 14; wall niches, 24; wall plaster at, 17; walls at, 15, 16
Tewa, kivas of, 104-5
Tijeras (site), 11, 40
Tree-ring dates: Component I, 38, 59, 63, 68, 75, 80, 91, 134-38; Component II, 54-55, 134, 136-38; listing of, 156-65
Tsama (site), 11, 30
Turkey pens, 69, 70-71, 74, 75, 78, 85
Unshagi (site), 11; ceremonial rooms at, 117; cists at, 50; hearths at, 49; kivas, 106; layout and design of, 40; post holes at, 50; walls at, 15
Ventilators or vent holes: in kivas, 90, 91, 92, 93-94, 101, 102-3; in living rooms, 33-34, 35, 36, 50-51, 52; plugs for, 33
Walls: adobe, 15-17, 18, 19, 42; burned areas on, 75, 85; finger impressions on, 17-18, 20; footings for, 13-14, 41-42, 44, 45; hanging pole in, 52; masonry, 13, 14-15, 17, 18; niches in kiva, 90, 92, 94, 105; niches in room, 34, 37; pegs in, 35-36; plaster on, 17, 36. See also Doorways; Ventilators or vent holes
Walpi (Hopi village), 117, 120, 138
Wendorf, Fred, 95
Wetterstrom, Wilma, 153
Winnowing basins, 31, 61, 71, 73, 76, 85
Wood: depletion, 139, 150; species use, 19, 138-39
The Pottery from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
Index
Abiquiu Black-on-white, 26, 97; Component I frequency, 169-170, 173, 174, 179; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 179-80; dates, 10, 26, 179; decoration, 29, 49, 50; paste, 26; source, 81, 85; temper, 26, 65, 82, 135-37; vessel morphology, 40, 42
Agua Fria Glaze-on-red, 35; Component II frequency, 175-76, 181; dates, 10, 181; decoration, 37, 57; sources, 85; temper, 73, 74, 143-44; vessel morphology, 42
Agua Fria Schoolhouse (site), 90; ceramics from, 54, 93, 178; location of, 2, 6
Alfred Herrera (site), 28
Ancha formation, 76, 78
Arroyo Hondo project, xiv, xvi-xvii
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, abandonment of, xiv; archaeomagnetic dates from, 172, 176; geologic resources near, 76-77, 78; growth of, xiii-xiv; location of, xii, 2, 6; pottery manufacture at, 80; temporal framework for, 7; tree-ring dates from, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 176
Bandelier, Adoph F., 8
Bandelier Black-on-white, 97
Barth, Fredrik, 3, 4
Biscuit ware, 26, 97, 98
Bonney, Rachel A., 205-6, 209, 211
Burnt Corn (site), 92
Ceramic balls, 183-85, 198
Ceramic beads, 183-84, 198
Ceramic effigies: bird, 195-96; chronology of, 197; provenience of, 183-84; 196; Pueblo, 196, 197-98; round body quadrupled, 193-95; use of, 197-98
Ceramic pipes: chronology of, 190-91; manufacture of, 188-89; Navajo, 190, 191, 192; provenience of, 183-85, 190; Pueblo, 192; types of, 182, 185-88; use of, 191-92
Chakam (site), 93
Chamisa Locita (site), 6, 91
Chupadero Black-on-white, 18, 18; Component I frequency, 169-70, 172, 173, 174, 180; dates, 10, 17, 180; source, 85; temper, 61, 84, 138
Cibola White Ware: dates, 10; sources, 85; temper, 61; types, 15-17. See also names of individual types
Cieneguilla (site, 2, 91
Cienguilla Glaze-on-yellow, 36, 97; Component I frequency, 169-70; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10, 36; paste, 36; sources, 85; temper, 36, 73, 75, 76, 149-52; vessel size, 47
Clay: micaceous, 15, 75, 80; sources, 80. See also X-ray fluorescence analysis
Climate: Component I, 166, 168, 171, 172; Component II, 177; early Coalition period, 88; late Coalition period-early Classic period transition, 89, 90, 91
Component I, 5-7; analyzed sample from, 11, 12; ceramic frequencies, 100-107, 113-14, 177-78, 179, 180, 181; ceramic horizon groups, 167-73, 174; ceramic pipes, 191; climatic conditions, 166, 168, 171, 172; decorated types, 21; flaked-stone artifacts, 218, 220, 236, 237; ground-stone artifacts, 217, 219; miscellaneous ceramic artifacts, 183-84; pottery sources, 84-85; residence units, 232-36; site plan, xv
Component II, 7; analyzed samples from, 11, 12; ceramic frequencies, 107-12, 114-18, 178, 179, 180-81; ceramic horizon groups, 173-77; ceramic pipes, 191; climatic conditions, 117; decorated types, 21; flaked stone artifacts, 217, 218-19; lithic analysis, 206; miscellaneous ceramic artifacts, 184-85; pottery sources, 84-85; residence units, 232-36; site plan, xvi
Cordova Micaceous Ribbed, 13
Cores, 211, 213; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 218, 232, 236, 237
Corn processing, 219, 220-21
Craft specialization, 95-96
Creamer, Winifred, 225-26, 230, 231-32, 235
Cundiyo Micaceous Smeared Indented, 13, 14
Drills and gravers, 211, 212; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237
Early Classic period: specialized craft production, 96; temper, 96-97; trade, 94-95, 97; tribalization, 94
Early Coalition period, 87-89
Espinaso volcanis, 77, 81, 83
Espinosa Polychrome, 175
Ethnic group boundaries in upper Rio Grande valley, 91, 94, 95; contact, 4; definition of, 3-4
Flaked-stone artifacts: by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 223, 224-25, 227; by site context, 228-31, 232, 236, 237; types of, 211-13
Flakes, 211, 213, 218; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237
Forked Lightening (site), 2, 22, 92, 180
Fourmile Polychrome, 93
Fourmile style, 98
Galisteo (site) 2, 95
Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Arroyo Hondo, 80
Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Galisteo, 26, 28, 31, 54, 92, 93; Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178; dates, 10; decoration, 28, 30, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55; paste, 28, 67, 69; source, 25, 81, 85; temper, 28, 65-67, 69, 119-21; vessel morphology, 40, 41, 42
Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Kendi: dates, 10, 28; paste, 28, 67, 70; source, 81, 83, 85; temper, 28, 67, 70, 81, 119. See also Kendi Black-on-white
Galisteo formation, 77, 78
Glaze A Red, 46, 96; paste, 73, 75; sources, 25, 85; temper, 73, 83, 139-43
Glaze A Yellow. See Cienguilla Glaze-on-yellow
Glaze B Red. See Largo Glaze-on-red
Gleeson (site), 194
Grinding slabs. See Metates
Grinding stones. See Manos
Ground-stone artifacts by analysis year, 215-16; by component, 217, 218-29; by roomblock, 221, 222, 226; by site context, 225-26, 228, 230-31, 232-34; types of, 208-11
Habicht-Mauche, Judith A., 225-26, 230, 231-232, 235
Hammerstones, 209, 210; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34
Heshotauthla Polychrome, 33, 93; Component I frequency, 169-70, 171, 173, 174; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10, 180; decoration, 33, 34, 57; temper, 84, 154-55; vessel morphology, 42
Kachina cult, 97-98
Kendi Black-on-white, 28. See also Galisteo Black-on-white var. Kendi
Kidder, Alfred V., 8, 13, 236-37. See also Pecos
Knives, 211, 212, 218; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237
Kwahe’e Black-on-white: Component I frequency, 169-70, 174, 180; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10, 180; paint, 15; paste, 16; source, 85; temper, 61, 138
Kwakina Polychrome
LA 8843-8845 (sites), 92
Lang, Richard W., 11, 13
Largo Glaze-on-red, 36; dates, 10; sources, 85; temper, 73, 146-48
Las Madres (site); ceramic effigies from, 197; ceramic pipe from, 186; ceramics from, 26, 28, 33-34, 36, 92, 96; locations of, 2
Late Coalition period-early Classic period transition, 5; aggregation, 89, 90, 91; ceramics 91-94; conflict, 90; ethnic alliances, 91; ethnic boundaries, 94; immigration, 89; Mesa Verde influence, 89; mobility, 90
Linford, Laurance, 206-7, 209, 211, 238
Little Colorado area, upper, 84, 87, 93
Los Padillas Polychrome, 33, 93-94; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10; decoration, 57; paste, 73; source, 25, 85; temper, 33, 73, 84, 144-45
Manos, 208, 209-10; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; intrasite distribution of, 221; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 226, 228, 231, 233-34
Martinez, Alice, 81
Mera, H. P., 8, 13
Mesa Verde: abandonment of, 87, 88; ceramic influence, 28, 54, 89, 91-92
Metates, 208-9, 210; by analysis year, 215, by component, 217, 219; intrasite distribution of, 221; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 226, 228, 231, 233-24
Minerals, 209, 210-11; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219, 233-34; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-24
Navajo, effigies, 197; pipe making, 190; pipe use, 191, 192
Ornaments, stone, 209, 210-11; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34
Paa-ko (site): ceramic balls from, 198; ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186, ceramics from, 47, 180; location of, 2
Pajarito Smeared Indented, 14-15
Pajarito White Ware: biscuit ware, 26, 97, 98; dates, 10; decoration, 47-53; regional styles of, 25, 86; sources, 85; temper, 62-73; vessel morphology, 40, 41-47; See also names of individual types
Palisade Ruins, 2, 92
Paste. See Clay; X-ray fluorescence analysis; under names of individual ceramic types
Pecos Pueblo (site): ceramic balls from, 198; ceramic effigies from, 192, 193; ceramic pipes from, 182, 185, 186, 188, 190; ceramics from, 22, 28, 31, 47, 54, 80, 83, 92-93, 97, 98, 180; location of, 2, 95
Petrographic analysis, 59-86, 119-56
Pindi (site), 90; ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186; ceramics from, 22, 31, 41, 54, 96, 166, 167, 170, 171-72, 173, 180; location of, 2, 6; stone artifacts from, 238-39
Pindi Black-on-white: Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171-72, 174, 177; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 178. See also Santa Fe Black-on-white, car, Pindi
Pinedale style, 35, 98
Poge Black-on-white, 28: Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178. See also Rowe Black-on-white, var. Poge
Polishing stones, 209, 210; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34
Population: increase, 87; movement, 87-88, 89
Poshu (site): ceramic effigies from, 192; ceramic pipes from, 186, 188; prayer plume base from, 200
Pot Creek (site), 2, 186, 190
Pottery: form and function, 36; series, 9; type, 9, 11; variety, 11; ware, 9. See also Clay; Pottery forms; pottery production; Temper; Trade, pottery
Pottery forms, 36; balls, 183-85, 198; beads, 183-84, 198; bowls, 41, 5242, 43, 47; cooking jars, 37-38, 41; footed jar, 41, 45; kiva jars, 42, 44, 47; ladles, 41, 44; miniature jars, 41, 46; miniature vessels, 183-85, 198-200; ollas, 47, 95; prayer plume base, 184, 200; puki, 52, 80; ring vessel, 184, 200-201; seed jar, 41, 42, 45; squash jar, 41, 42, 45; water jars, 41, 44. See also Ceramic effigies; Ceramic pipes
Pottery production, shift in, 86, 96-97
Projectile points, 211-12; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237
Pueblo: effigies, 196, 197-98; pipe smoking, 192
Pueblo Alamo (site), 91
Pueblo del Encierro (site), 2, 84
Pueblo Quemado (site), 93
Red Mesa Black-on-white, 10, 15
Riana (site), 2, 92
Rio Grande Corrugated, 10, 13, 16
Rio Grande Glaze Ware, 97; Component II frequency, 174, 176, 177, 180-81; dates, 10, 56; development, 58, 86; paste, 73, 75; sources, 85; temper, 73-75; types, 33-36; vessel morphology, 42, 47. See also names of individual types
Rio Grande Striated, 83
Rio Grande valley, northern: archaeological districts and sites in, 2; ceramic studies in, 1, 8-11; ethnic boundaries, 94, 95; map, xii; migration to, 87; prehistory of, xiii, 5-7
Room function, 225-26, 228-29, 230-31, 232-35
Rowe (site): ceramics from, 54, 93, 180; location of, 2
Rowe Black-on-white, var. Arroyo Hondo dates, 10, 31; decoration, 32; paste, 31, 67, 72; source, 25, 85; temper, 31, 67, 72, 124-25
Rowe Black-on-white, var. Poge, 28, 31, 54, 93; dates, 10, 28, 31; decoration, 32, 49, 50, 52, 53; local production, 80; paste, 31, 67, 71, 80; source, 25, 28, 85; surface treatment, 31; temper, 31, 67, 71, 122-24; vessel morphology, 31, 40, 42. See also Poge Black-on-white
Sackett, James R., 3
St. Johns Black-on-red, 167
St. Johns Polychrome, 33, 93, 167, 168, 169-70; Component I frequency, 172, 173, 174, 180; Component II frequency, 175, 180; dates, 10, 180; temper, 33, 84, 154; vessel morphology, 42
Sanchez Glaze-on-red, 10, 36, 146
Sanchez Polychrome, 73
San Clemente Polychrome, 35; Component I frequency, 169-70; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10, 35; decoration, 37; sources, 85; temper, 73, 148-49
San Cristobal (site), 2, 95
San Ignacio Black-on-white, 91
San Ildefonso, 81, 82
San Juan Basin: abandonment of, 87, 88
San Marcos (site), 2, 83, 95
Santa Fe Black-on-white, var. Pindi, 22, 58, 93; dates, 10, 22; decoration, 24, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56; local production, 80-81; paste, 62, 65; source, 85; temper, 22, 62, 64, 66, 131-32; vessel mythology, 40, 42. See also Pindi Black-on-white
Santa Fe Black-on-white, var. Santa Fe, 19-22, 58, 92-93; Component frequency, 167, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178; dates, 10, 19; decoration, 23, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 92, paint, 22; paste, 20, 62, 64; slip, 21; source, 20, 81, 85; surface treatment, 21-22; temper, 62, 63, 89, 126-30, 178-79, 180; vessel mythology, 40, 41.
Scrapers, 211, 212-13; by analysis year, 216; by component, 128, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237
Shepard, Anna O., 96
Socorro Black-on-white, 16-17; Component I frequency, 169-70, 172, 174; dates, 10; temper, 84
Stone artifacts: analysis procedures for, 205-8; comparison with Tijeras site, 238, 239; ratios of, 213. See also Flaked-stone artifacts; Ground-stone artifacts; Minerals; Ornaments
Style: definition, 1, 3; Fourmile, 98; Pinedale, 35, 98; trends in, 54, 56
Subsistence strategies, early Coalition, 88
Talpa Black-on-white, 25, 93
Te’ewi (site): ceramic pipes from, 186, 190; location of, 2; ring vessel from, 201
Temper, 38, 59; early Classic period, 96-97; San Ildefonso, 81, 82; sources, 77, 79, 80-81, 83; Tewa, 60. See also Petrographic analysis; under names of individual pottery types
Tesuque formation, 78, 81
Tesuque Gray, 84; dates, 10; paste, 15, 75, 77, 80; sources, 85; surface treatment, 14-15, 16; temper, 75, 77, 155-56
Tesuque Smeared Indented, 13, 14
Tewa: temper, 60
Tijeras (site); ceramics from, 180; lithic data for, 238, 239; location of, 2
Tobacco, 192
Tonque (site), 2, 83
Trade, general, 94-95
Trade, pottery: from Albuquerque district, 83-84, 85, 96; from Cibola area, 93; from Espanola-Chama district, 81, 84, 85, 93; from Galisteo district, 81, 83, 84, 85-86, 96
Tribalization, 4-5, 94
Unshagi (site): ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186, 188
Upper Arroyo Hondo (site), 6, 90-91
Vadito Black-on-white, 25, 93
Vallecitos Black-on-white, 17, 19; Component I frequency, 170, 174, 180; dates, 10, 19; source, 85; temper, 19, 73, 81, 125
Warren, A. Helene, 83
White Mountain Red Ware, 93; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10; local copies of, 84; temper, 153; types, 33. See also names of individual types
Wiyo Black-on-white, 22-23, 25-26, 92, 93; Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 172, 173, 174, 179; Component I frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 179; dates, 10, 23, 25; decoration, 26, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 98; paste, 25, 64-65, 67; relation to Santa Fe Black-on-white of, 178l source, 25, 81, 85; surface treatment, 26; temper, 25, 62, 67, 132-35; vessel morphology, 40, 42
X-ray fluorescence analysis, 60-61; data, 157-63; summary of results, 62-86
Zuni, effigies, 196, 197-98
A Space Syntax Analysis of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo, xiii, 30, 31
access analysis: and space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 44. See also doorways: justified access graphs; rooftops, vents
Acoma Pueblo, 41-42, 43, 108-14, 147n5
Adams, C., 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 67, 115, 116, 119
aggregation: and architectural change in northern Rio Grande region in thirteenth century, 23-24; and architectural solutions to need for privacy, 118; and ethnic diversity as factor in social tension in settlements of northern Rio Grande, 115-1116. See also social organization
agriculture, and economy of Arroyo Hondo, xii, 27. See also climate; food shortages; resources
Ahlstrom, R. V. N., 24
alpha index, 43
Altman, I., 117
Anella, T., 64, 70
Ankerl, G., 39
archaeology: and applications of space syntax analysis, 52-58; and background information on Arroyo Hondo, xi-xiv; built environments and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study for space syntax analysis, 9-19; connection between architecture and, 4-6, 8. See also architecture, ceramics
architecture: and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 24-26; connection between archaeology and, 4-6, 8; and control issues in northern Southwest, 119-20; and idea of privacy in context of Southwest; 117-18; and innovations as coping mechanisms in periods of social change, 117, 120-21, 124-27; overview of at Arroyo Hondo, 31-38; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16. See also doorways; living rooms’ plazas; rooftops; space syntax analysis; spatial segregation; storage rooms
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: Acoma Pueblo compared to, 108-14; approach to space syntax analysis of, xvi-xvii; archaeological background information on, xi-xiv; brief history of, 27-31; choice of as case study for space syntax analysis, 16-19; comparison of other northern Rio Grande settlements to, 94-108; history of research at, ix-xi, 3-4; overview of architecture of, 31-38; publication series on, xiv-xvi; and results of space syntax analysis of Component I, 68-78, 86-90, 129-34; and results of space syntax analysis of Component II, 78-90, 134-36; social organization of Component I and II compared, 91-94; space syntax analysis of within context of Southwestern prehistory, 123-27; theoretical background to space syntax analysis of, 9-16; units of analysis and inferences about movement in space syntax analysis of, 60-68
asymmetry: and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis of Component II Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also symmetry
Athabaskan (Navajo and Apache) groups, 116
Atwood, W. L., 137
Aztec, 44, 115, 147n6
Aztec Ruins, 51
Bandelier, A., 120
Banning, E. B., 39
Basso, K., H., 64
Beach, M. A., xv
Beal, J. D., xv, 31, 35-36, 60, 77, 89, 146n6
Bell, P., 23, 117
Bernardini, W., 65, 119
Blevins, B. B., 137
Bohrer, V. L., xv
Bonanno, A., 39, 57
Bradley, B., 57
Brandt, E. A., 11, 13-14
Brody, J. J., 10
Brown, F. E., 15, 39, 52, 92
Bullock, P., 11
Bustard, W., 15, 57-58, 92
Cameron, C. M., 22, 24
carrier space, and methodology syntax analysis, 45, 145n2
Castri, J., 53
Causey, C. S., xv
Cawley, A., 145n2
ceramics: and contact between Arroyo Hondo and other pueblos during Component II, 30-31; and decorative designs as social markers, 10; stylistic diversity of and cultural diversity in northern Rio Grande Valley of fourteenth century, 14, 120; tribal alliance system and patterns of diversity in, 27
ceremonial spaces: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 37-38; and integration values for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 77-78. See also katsina cult; kivas; plazas
Chacoan great houses, 49, 51, 70, 118
Chan Chan (Peru), 44
Chapman, J., 48, 57
Chemers, M. M., 117
Chumo (Peru), 44
Chippendale, C., 10-11
chronological categories, for space syntax analysis, 54. See also tree-ring evidence
circuits and concept of networks in space syntax analysis, 42-43
Clark, J., 10, 15, 115, 120, 121
climate: drop in annual precipitation at Arroyo Hondo during late 1330s, xii; drought and end of second phase of occupation at Arroyo Hondo, xiii; and history of Arroyo Hondo, 28, 30; and tree-ring evidence for droughts in thirteenth century Rio Grande Valley, 23
Cohen, S., 116
complex tribes, 14
computer software, and integration values, 145-46n3
connectivity, and spatial properties of networks, 40
contextual information, space syntax analysis and availability of, 54-55
control values: and architectural modifications in northern Southwest, 119-20; and increased importance of storage during Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 92; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51-52; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 71, 73-74, 76-77; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 81-82, 84
Cooper, L., 15, 35, 36, 49, 5, 57, 58, 70, 109
cooperation, plazas and ideas of in Pueblo societies, 64-65. See also egalitarian society
coping mechanisms, and architectural innovation, 117. See also stress
Cordell, L., 22, 23, 94, 95, 97
Creamer, W., xv, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34-36, 37, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 80, 116, 145n2, 146n6
Crown, P. L., 10, 22, 25-26, 115, 119
Cuzco (Peru), 115
Dean, J. S., xv, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 63, 67, 94
defensibility, as motivator for architectural change, 26. See also warfare
demography, changes in Rio Grande Valley from 900 C.E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24. See also aggregation; migration
depth: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 47, 54; and social organization of Arroyo Hon, 92. See also integration values
Dickson, D. B., Jr., xv, 22, 23, 119
distributedness: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also nondistributedness
Dohm, K. M., 61, 118
doorways: and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 104; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 35, 37; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68, 73, 75-76; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80
Douglas, M., 65
Draper, P., 9
Durkheim, E., 5
Easton, R., 80
Edlinghan Castle (Scotland), 55
egalitarian society, 94. See also cooperation
Egenter, N., 6
Elson, M. D., 10, 120
environmental psychology, 116-117
ethnic groups, and social tension in aggregated settlements in Rio Grande Valley, 115-16. See also migration ethnographic evidence, and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60, 61. See also Hopi; Zuni Pueblo
Evans, G. W., 118
Fariclough, G., 39, 55, 57
Fangmeier, K. L., 15, 92
Ferguson, T. J., 7, 15, 53, 57, 58, 115
fire, and destruction at Arroyo Hondo soon after 1410, xiii, 31
Fisher, J., 23, 117
food shortages, evidence for at Arroyo Hondo in 1330s, xii-xiii, 28, 30. See also agriculture; climate; storage rooms
Foster, S., 39
Fried, M., 94
front-to-back arrangements: and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 104, 106; roomblocks in Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 83, 92, 93
gamma index, 41-42
Gauthier, H. L., 40, 41, 43
Gilman, P., 127
Graham, H., 7
graph theory: and foundation of space syntax analysis, 40, 43-44; potential uses of in anthropology, 15, 53; and topology, 145n1
Greenbie, B. B., 116
Gumerman, G. J., 94
Haas, J., 8, 26, 116, 117
Habicht-Mauche, J. A., xv, 10, 14, 22, 27, 30-31, 34, 70, 92, 93
Hage, P., 15, 53
Hall, E. T., 116, 117, 124
Hanson, J., 6, 7, 9, 34, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 145n3
Harary, F., 15, 53
Harris, A. H., xv
Hassan, F. A., 14
Hays-Gilpin, K., 10,
Hegmon, M., 118-19
Herr, S., 115, 120, 121
Hewett, E. L., 102
Hieb, L. H., 8
Hill, J., 60
Hillier, B., 6, 7, 9, 34, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 145n3
historical documents and methodology of space syntax analysis, 55
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), 41-42, 109, 111
Hodder, I., 11, 116
Hopi, 33, 60, 61, 63
Hopkins, M., 44, 56
Horgan, J., 5
Horne, L., 6, 54
households, and access analysis at Arroyo Hondo, 60. See also living rooms; residence units
Huron, 13
Indigenous development model, for population growth, in Rio Grande Valley, 22
Inka, 115, 147n6
integration values: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 111, 112-13, 114; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 99-101; and computer software, 145-46n3; for kivas at Arroyo Hondo, 119; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 47-49; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 70, 73, 77-78, 86-90, 146n8; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo 83-84, 86-90; and Zuni Pueblo, 58
Iowa, J., 64
Iroquois, 13
Jackson, J. B., 15, 33, 56, 119
Jeancon, J. A., 68, 124
Johnson, G. A., 15, 93, 119
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (vol. 14, no. 2, 1195) 23
Judge, W. J., 95
justified access graphs: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 111, 112f, 113f; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 105f, 106, 107f, 108f; and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 97-98; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 48-49, 50f, 51t, 52; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 71f, 74f, 76; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81f, 83, 84, 85f. See also access analysis
katsina cult, and architectural changes in northern Southwest, 27, 34, 116. See also ceremonial spaces
Kelley, N. E., xv, 27
Kidder, A. V., 16
kin-based corporate social units, 115
kivas: and architectural changes in plazas in northern Southwest, 119; and space syntax analysis in Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 81; traditional style at Tijeras Pueblo, 147n7. See also ceremonial spaces
Kohler, Y+T., 22, 25-26, 119
Kroeber, A. L., 61
Kuana Pueblo, 30
!Kung (southern Africa), 9
ladder structures, at Arroyo Hondo, 32. See also rooftops
Lang, R. W., xv, 28
Lawrence, D., 5-6
Leach, E., 52
Leaman, P., 7
LeBlanc, S. A., 26, 31
Ledewitz, S., 54
Lekson, S. H., 22, 119
Lepore, S. J., 118
linkages, and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 40-43
Lipe, W., 24
Lipton, T., 15
living rooms: and comparisons of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100-101; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 72, 73, 77, 78, 88-89, 90; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 79, 88-89, 90. See also residence units
locational geography, 44
Loo, C., 116
Loomia, R., 23, 117
Low, S., 5-6, 64
Lycett, M., 16, 54, 80, 120
Mackey, J., xv
Markus, T. A., 3, 4, 117
McGuire, R. H., 124
methodology, of space syntax analysis, 44-52
Michelson, W., 117
migration: as model for population growth in Rio Grande Valley, 22-24, 116; contemporary studies of stress and, 117
Mills, B. J., 10
Mindeleff, V., 5, 15, 33, 36, 60, 61, 63, 68, 80
Mogollon groups, 116
Moore, J. D., 10, 19, 44, 64
Morgan, L. H., 5, 15, 25, 27, 38, 68, 119, 145n1
Morley, S. G., 102, 104
Nabokov, P., 80
National Endowment for the Humanities, x
National Geographic Society, x
National Science Foundation, x, xiv
Nelson, N. C., 10, 120, 124, 145n3
nested hierarchies, 15
networks, and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 40-43
nodes, and theoretical foundations of space syntax, 40-43
nondistributedness; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81. See also distributedness
Numis (Ute) groups, 116
Orcutt, J. D., 16, 22, 25, 119
Orhun, D. B., 44, 47, 48, 57
Ortiz, A., 115
Osman, K. M., 39, 52, 53, 55-56, 57, 64
Paa-ko Pueblo, 147n7
Palkovich, A., xv, 70, 93
Pearson, M. P., 10
Peatross, F. D., 54
Peckham, S., 102, 106
Pecos Pueblo, 54
Penn, A., Peponis, J., 7, 45
Phagan, C., xv
plazas: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 99-100; cross-cultural Incorporation of into space syntax analyses, 64-67; and kivas in northern Southwest, 119; and models of development in northern Southwest, 32-33; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 80; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81-82, 84, 87, 90
Plimpton, C. L., 14
Poshuouinge Pueblo, 30, 68
Pot Creek Pueblo, 26, 27
Powers, R. P., 16
private and pueblo spaces: and architectural developments in northern Rio Grande, 115; and integration values of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 87; and social organization of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92
proxemics theory, 117
Prudden, T. M., 15. 91, 124
psychology: and impact of stress on social interaction, 116-17; and studies of migration, 23
public spaces, See private and public spaces
puddled adobe pueblos, 31, 145n2
Pueblo del Arroyo, 51
Puye Pueblo, 102-107
Rapoport, A., 4-5, 6, 117
real relative asymmetry, 47
Reed, E. K., 11, 15, 25, 32, 33
refuse and refuse-related activities, and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80
residence units: access analysis of Arroyo Hondo and inferences regarding, 60; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 34-45; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also living rooms
resources, evidence for depletion in 1330s at Arroyo Hondo, xii-xiii. See also food shortages; storage rooms
Reynolds, W. E., 10, 15, 16
Richards, C. 10
ringiness value, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51
Rio Grande Pueblo Past, The (film) 1974, x
Rio Grande Valley: and archaeological context of Arroyo Hondo, xi-xii; chronology of architectural changes in social organization in, 26-27; comparison of other settlements to Arroyo Hondo, 94-108; and demographic changes from 900 C. E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24; relationship of spatial and social structures in 115-21; and selection of Arroyo Hondo as regional case study, 16-19; and study of social organization, 11-16. See also Southwest
Roberts, F. H. H., 124
Robinson, W., xv, 27, 28, 30, 31
Rohn, A., 15, 91
rooftops: and Acoma Pueblo, 112; and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 69-70, 71
roomblocks. See front-to-back arrangements; living rooms; residential units; room function; storage rooms
room function: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100; issue of in space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 67-68. See also ceremonial spaces; living rooms; residence units; storage rooms
root, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45
Rose, M. R., xv, 27, 28, 30, 31
Saile, D. C., 5, 15, 118
Salmon Ruins, 51
Sand Canyon Pueblo, 57
Santa Clara Pueblo, 60
Sapawe Pueblo, 30, 145n1
Schaafsma, C. F., 27
Schaafsma, P., 27
Schoffer, M. B., 124
School of American Research (SAR), x, 4, 102, 104
Schroeder, A., 118
Schwartz, D. W., 4, 28
Scotland, and space syntax analysis of castles, 55
Sedgwick, Mrs. W. T., 109
sequential hierarchy model, of social organization, 93
Service, E., 11
settlement patterns. See abandonment; aggregation; migration; social organization
Shafer, H., 10
Shapiro, J. S., xvi-xvii, 15, 92
Sherrod, D. R., 116
Simon, H. A., 53
skeletal studies, of Arroyo Hondo, 28, 30
Smith, M. E., 147n6
Snead, J., 117
social organization: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 109; and architectural innovation as adaptation at Arroyo Hondo, 124-27; and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 26-27; Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; and connection between archaeology and architecture, 4-6, 9-11; and effects of large-scale migrations, 23; overview of study in northern Southwest, 11-16; and spatial organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21. See also aggregation; migration, social stratification
social stratification: and ceramic specialization at Arroyo Hondo in Component II, 31; studies of in northern Rio Grande Valley, 13-14
sociopolitical complexity, 12-13
Southwest: architectural design elements and idea of privacy in context of, 117-18; control and architectural modifications in northern, 119-20; models of development and plaza-oriented settlements in northern, 33-34; space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo and prehistory of, 123-27. See also Rio Grande Valley
space syntax analysis: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 108-14; application of approach to Arroyo Hondo, xvi-xvii; of Arroyo Hondo within context of Southwestern prehistory, 123-27; and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study, 16-19; comparisons of Arroyo Hondo with other northern Rio Grande settlements, 94-108; explanation of concept, 7-8; introduction to theory, methods and archaeological applicability of, 39-58; origins of, 6; and problem of doorways, 37; and relationship of spatial and social organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21; results of for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68-78, 86-90, 129-34; results of for Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 78-90, 134-36; social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16; units of analysis and inferences about movement at Arroyo Hondo, 60-68. See also control values; depth; integration values
Spanish, and population decline in Rio Grande Valley, 24
spatial segregation, and comparison of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo, 89-90
Spielmann, K., 11, 13-14
spine buildings, and architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 32
Stark, M. T., 10, 120
Steadman, J. P., 92
Stokols, D., 23, 117
storage rooms: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 114; and comparison to Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100-101; increased importance of during Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 92; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68-69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 88-89, 90; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 79, 88-89, 90
stress, impact of on social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116-17
Stubbs, S., 24
Sudanese houses, and space syntax analysis, 55-56
Suliman, M., 39, 52, 55-56, 57, 64
Swentzell, R., 8, 15, 25, 64, 70, 119
symmetry: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81. See also asymmetry
Taaffe, E. J., 40, 41, 43
Tenochtitlan, 115, 147n6
Teotihuacan, 44
Tewa (Tano), 106
Thibodeau, A., xv
Tijeras Pueblo, 94-102, 137-39, 141-22, 147n1-3, 147n7
topographical elements, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45
trade: and economy of Arroyo Hondo, xii, 27; and social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116
tree-ring evidence: and chronological categories in space syntax analysis, 54; for drought in northern Rio Grande during the thirteenth century, 23, 28, 30
tribal alliance system, and patterns of ceramic diversity, 27
Trigger, B., 13
Turkey Creek Pueblo, 15
Turkish houses, space syntax analysis and study of traditional, 56
Van West, C., 24
Van Zandt, T., 16
Venn, T., xv
vents: and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 62; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 80; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 83
visual communities, 65
Vivian, R. G., 91, 124
Walsh, M. R., 116, 120
warfare: and architectural changes in northern Rio Grande region, 26; and fire at Arroyo Hondo after 1400, 31; and social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116, 117, 123
Weaver, M. P., 147n6
Wetterstrom, W., xv, 28, 30, 92
White, L., 109, 114
Wilcox, D. R., 8, 11, 15, 26, 91, 117, 124
Wolpert, 116, 117
Zedeno, M. N., 120
Zuni Pueblo, 36, 58, 61, 112